About: Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany

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Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany was a component of German resistance to Nazism and of Resistance during World War II. The role of the Catholic Church during the Nazi years remains a matter of much contention. From the outset of Nazi rule in 1933, issues emerged which brought the church into conflict with the regime and persecution of the church led Pope Pius XI to denounce the policies of the Nazi Government in the 1937 papal encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. His successor Pius XII faced the war years and provided intelligence to the Allies. Catholics fought on both sides in World War II and neither the Catholic nor Protestant churches as institutions were prepared to openly oppose the Nazi State.

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  • كانت المقاومة الكاثوليكية لألمانيا النازية إحدى مقومات مقاومة النازية خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. أثار دور الكنيسة الكاثوليكية في فترة النازية جدلًا واسعًا بين المؤرخين. إذ يرى العديد من المؤلفين مثل كلاوس شولدر أن: «المقاومة الكاثوليكية لم تكن موجودة في ألمانيا بصفة رسمية، بل كان الكاثوليكيين أنفسهم هم من اضطلعوا بالمقاومة». إذ أن سياسة الفاتيكان المحايدة كانت تعني أن البابا لم يدفع الكاثوليك إلى الانحياز لصف الاشتراكية القومية أو مبادئ الأخلاق الكاثوليكية، حتى أن البابا بيوس الثاني عشر حينها أصر على أن البلشفية تشكل أكبر تهديدًا للعالم قائلًا: «ألمانيا أمة عظيمة، وهي في حربها ضد البلشفية لا تنزف الدماء من أجل أصدقائها فقط بل من أجل أعداءها كذلك». كتب بيوس الثاني عشر خطابًا إلى الأسقف برسينغ عام 1941 وقال فيه: «نظرًا إلى أن مصير الكنيسة في ألمانيا يتوقف على سلوكك العام، نهيب بك وبزملائك الالتزام بضبط النفس عند إلقاء التصريحات العلنية، والامتناع عن الاحتجاج». منذ بداية الحكم النازي عام 1933 برزت عدة قضايا تورطت بسببها الكنيسة في خلافات مع نظام الحكم، وأفضى اضطهاد النازيين للكنيسة بالبابا بيوس الحادي عشر إلى ذم سياسات الحكومة النازية في المذكرة البابوية التي كتبها عام 1937 بعنوان «Mit brennender Sorge». واجه خليفته، بيوس الثاني عشر، أعوام الحرب وشارك في أعمال تجسس لصالح الحلفاء ضد الحكومة النازية. حارب الكاثوليكيين لصالح كلى جانبي الحرب، ولم تكن المؤسسات الكاثوليكية أو البروتستانتية على استعداد لمناهضة الدولة النازية علنًا. قدرت إحدى الإحصاءات أن ثلث القساوسة الألمان الكاثوليك تعرضوا لشكل من أشكال الأعمال الانتقامية من السلطات النازية، وأُرسل الآلاف من رجال الدين الكاثوليكيين إلى معسكرات الاعتقال. اُحتجز 2,579 قس كاثوليكي في ثكنات القس داكاو من بينهم 400 من الألمان. ورغم أن كبير الأساقفة الألمان كان يتجنب مواجهة النظام، انتقد أساقفة آخرون مثل برسينغ وفرينغز وغالين جوانب النازية من منظور كاثوليكي. قاد غالين احتجاجًا على حملة الموت الرحيم القسري التي قادها النازيون. اقتصرت معارضة الكاثوليك لاضطهاد اليهود على جهود ذاتية فردية مشتتة. ورغم ذلك لعب القساوسة دورًا هامًا في تهريب اليهود وإنقاذهم في جميع الدول التي غزتها ألمانيا. قدر المؤرخ الإسرائيلي بينتشاس لابيد عدد اليهود الذين أنقذهم رجال الدين الكاثوليك بنحو 700,000-860,000 فرد. ومن بين أولئك الذين قُتلوا على يد النازيين لدورهم في مساعدة اليهود: القديس ماكسيميليان كولبي وجوزيبي جيروتي وبرنارد ليختنبرغ. ومن أبرز شبكات الكاثوليك لإنقاذ اليهود وغيرهم: «خط هروب روما» التي دبرها القس الأيرلندي هيو أوفلاهيرتي، وشبكة أسيسي في إيطاليا، ومنظمة جيكوتا في بولندا. تفاوتت العلاقات بين حكومات المحور والكنيسة. فقد ذم بعض الأساقفة معاملة النازيين لليهود ذمًا شديدًا مثل يوهانس دي يونغ الهولندي وجوزيف إرنست فان روي البلجيكي وجول جيراود سالييج الفرنسي. قاد بعض الراهبات حملات المقاومة ضد النازيين كذلك مثل مارغيت شلاختا ومارتيلدا غيتر. أنقذ دبلوماسيو الفاتيكان الآلاف من الأرواح مثلما فعل جوزيبي بورتسيو في سلوفاكيا، وفيليبينو برنارديني في سويسرا، وأنجلو رونكالي في تركيا. ومن بين ضحايا النازيين المعترف بهم لدى ياد فاشيم في إسرائيل: السفير البابوي لبودابست، أنجلو روتا، وسفير بوخارست، أندريا كاسولو. كانت الحكومات القومية في سلوفاكيا وكرواتيا مؤيدة لرجال الدين، بينما كانت اضطهاد الكنيسة في المناطق التي ضمتها ألمانيا النازية في سلوفينيا والتشيك والنمسا وبولندا شديدًا للغاية، وشكل الدين الكاثوليكي جزءًا لا يتجزأ من المقاومة البولندية. (ar)
  • Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany was a component of German resistance to Nazism and of Resistance during World War II. The role of the Catholic Church during the Nazi years remains a matter of much contention. From the outset of Nazi rule in 1933, issues emerged which brought the church into conflict with the regime and persecution of the church led Pope Pius XI to denounce the policies of the Nazi Government in the 1937 papal encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. His successor Pius XII faced the war years and provided intelligence to the Allies. Catholics fought on both sides in World War II and neither the Catholic nor Protestant churches as institutions were prepared to openly oppose the Nazi State. An estimated one-third of German Catholic priests faced some form of reprisal from authorities and thousands of Catholic clergy and religious were sent to concentration camps. 400 Germans were among the 2,579 Catholic priests imprisoned in the clergy barracks at Dachau. While the head German bishop generally avoided confronting the regime, other bishops such as Preysing, Frings and Galen developed a Catholic critique of aspects of Nazism. Galen led Catholic protest against Nazi "euthanasia". Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts. But in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews. Israeli historian Pinchas Lapide estimated that Catholic rescue of Jews amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people – though the figure is contested. The martyrs Maximilian Kolbe, Giuseppe Girotti and Bernhard Lichtenberg were among those killed in part for aiding Jews. Among the notable Catholic networks to rescue Jews and others were Hugh O'Flaherty's "Rome Escape Line", the Assisi Network and Poland's Żegota. Relations between the Axis governments and the church varied. Bishops such as the Netherlands' Johannes de Jong, Belgium's Jozef-Ernest van Roey and France's Jules-Géraud Saliège issued major denunciations of Nazi treatment of Jews. Convents and nuns like Margit Slachta and Matylda Getter also led resistance. Vatican diplomats like Giuseppe Burzio in Slovakia, Filippo Bernardini in Switzerland and Angelo Roncalli in Turkey saved thousands. The nuncio to Budapest, Angelo Rotta, and Bucharest, Andrea Cassulo, have been recognised by Yad Vashem in Israel. The nationalist regimes in Slovakia and Croatia were pro-clerical, while in Slovene, Czech, Austrian and Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, repression of the church was at its most severe and the Catholic religion was integral to much Polish resistance. Author Klaus Scholder writes: "There was no Catholic resistance in Germany, there were only Catholics who resisted." The Vatican policy meant that the Pope never challenged Catholics to side either with Nazism or with Catholic morality, and Pius XII was so adamant that Bolshevism represented the most terrible threat to the world that he remarked "Germany are a great nation who, in their fight against Bolshevism, are bleeding not only for their friends but also for the sake of their present enemies." In a letter of autumn 1941 Pius XII wrote to Bishop Preysing, "We emphasise that, because the Church in Germany is dependent upon your public behaviour...in public declarations you are duty bound to exercise restraint" and "requires(d) you and your colleagues not to protest." (en)
  • Pemberontakan Katolik terhadap Nazisme adalah sebuah komponen dari dan . melawan , namun berupaya berkompromi saat Hitler memenangkan kekuasaan. Dari pencanangan kekuasaan Nazi pada 1933, isu-isu yang memuatkan Gereja berkonflik dengan rezim tersebut dan membuat Paus Pius XI mengecam kebijakan-kebijakan Pemerintah Nazi dalam ensiklik kepausan tahun 1937 Mit brennender Sorge. Penerusnya Pius XII menghadapi tahun-tahun perang dan . Meskipun umat Katolik bertarung di kedua belah pihak dan baik gereja-gereja Katolik maupun Protestan sebagai lembaga dipersiapkan untuk secara terbuka melawan Negara Nazi, gereja-gereja tersebut menyediakan pusat-pusat terawal dan paling mendorong perlawanan sistematis terhadpa kebijakan-kebijakan Nazi, dan moralitas Kristen dan kebijakan-kebijakan anti-Gereja Nazi memotivasi beberapa pemberontak Jerman dan menyediakan penanaman moral bagi orang-orang dalam upaya mereka untuk melengserkan Hitler. (in)
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  • Norman Davies (en)
  • Anton Gill (en)
  • Peter Hoffmann (en)
  • August von Galen, Bishop of Münster (en)
  • Theodore S. Hamerow (en)
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  • dbr:Claus_von_Stauffenberg
  • dbr:Erich_Klausener
  • dbr:Irena_Sendlerowa
  • dbr:Pius_XI
  • Alfred Delp SJ (en)
  • Bishop Clemens August von Galen of Münster (en)
  • Jules-Géraud Saliège of Toulouse (en)
  • Konrad von Preysing of Berlin (en)
  • Saint Edith Stein (en)
  • Pope Pius XII secretly acted as an intermediary between the German Resistance and the Allies, during preparations for the coup. (en)
  • Claus von Stauffenberg, a Catholic nobleman and leader of the 1944 July Plot. (en)
  • The Wolf's Lair conference room soon after the failed assassination of Hitler. The Nazi oppression of the churches was a motivating factor for the involvement of Stauffenberg and other leading conspirators in the July Plot. (en)
  • Josef Müller was sent to Rome in 1939 by the German Resistance, to seek assistance from the Pope in a plot to overthrow Hitler. (en)
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  • August 2016 (en)
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  • Catholic Resistance to Nazism (en)
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  • Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg small.jpg (en)
  • Claus von Stauffenberg .jpg (en)
  • E.Klausener0001.jpg (en)
  • GHSaliege3.jpg (en)
  • Irena Sendlerowa 1942.jpg (en)
  • Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2006-0217, Berlin, Ansprache des neuen Bischofs Preysing.jpg (en)
  • Malina, J.B. - Orbis Catholicus, 1 .jpg (en)
  • Saint Edith Stein.jpg (en)
  • Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-025-10, Hitler-Attentat, 20. Juli 1944.jpg (en)
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  • On the Road to the Wolf's Lair: German Resistance to Hitler (en)
  • An Honourable Defeat (en)
  • Extract from Britain's Catholic Herald, Oct. 1938 (en)
  • Protest of the Dutch Bishops, 1942 (en)
  • Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw (en)
  • The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 (en)
  • Intended "Broadcast of Government" of the 1944 July Plot conspirators. (en)
  • Proposed radio broadcast to follow the July Plot against Hitler of 1944. (en)
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  • God requires this protest from us, God who does not allow murder. It is required of a Catholic conscience. Each being, calling itself human, has a right to brotherly love. The blood of the innocent calls for vengeance to the heavens. He, who does not support this protestis not Catholic. (en)
  • The invasion was a reply to a courageous sermon the Cardinal had preached in the Cathedral earlier in the evening, in which the Cardinal told his packed congregation that " in the last few months you have lost everything!' This sermon marked the end of Cardinal Innitzer's attempt to establish a religious peace with the Nazis. The attempt has failed. Cardinal Innitzer is now in line with his German brothers openly urging Catholics to resist anti-Catholic measures. (en)
  • Any description of the Rising which does not present the role of religion in the experiences both of soldiers and civilians is not worth reading. As death in all its forms grew ever more prevalent, the Roman Catholic religion, with its emphasis on redemption and its belief in the afterlife, grew ever more relevant. Religious observance stood at unusually high level throughout the Rising, among both insurgents and civilians. Priests held regular masses in all parts of the city, often in abbreviated open-air services among the ruins. They were on constant call to administer the last rites, and to conduct funerals ... (en)
  • Who among "the Soldiers of Christ"ecclesiastic or laymandoes not feel himself incited and spurred on to a greater vigilance, to a more determined resistance, by the sight of the ever-increasing host of Christ's enemies ... who ... wantonly break the Tables of God's Commandments to substitute other tables and other standards stripped of the ethical content of the Revelation on Sinai, standards in which the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount and of the Cross has no place? (en)
  • We demand juridical proof of all sentences and release of all fellow citizens who have been deprived of their liberty without proof ... We the German bishops shall not cease to protest against the killing of innocent persons. Nobody's life is safe unless the Commandment, "Thous shalt not kill" is observed ... We the bishops, in the name of the Catholic people ... demand the return of all unlawfully confiscated and in some cases sequestered property ... for what happens today to church property may tomorrow happen to any lawful property. (en)
  • "There are sacred obligations of conscience from which no one has the power to release us and which we must fulfil even if it costs us our lives." (en)
  • Ours is a time of great tribulations of which two are foremost: the sad destiny of the Jews and the plight of those deported for forced labor. ... All of us must be aware of the terrible sufferings which both of them have to undergo, due to no guilt of their own. We have learned with deep pain of the new dispositions which impose upon innocent Jewish men, women and children the deportation into foreign lands. ... The incredible suffering which these measures cause to more than 10,000 people is in absolute opposition to the divine precepts of justice and charity. ... Let us pray to God and for the intercession of Mary ... that he may lend his strength to the people of Israel, so severely tried in anguish and persecution. (en)
  • The shattered freedom of spirit, conscience, faith and opinion will be restored. The churches will once again be given the right to work for their confessions. In future they will exist quite separately from the state ... The working of the state is to be inspired, both in word and deed by the Christian outlook ..." (en)
  • For years a war has raged in our Fatherland against Christianity and the Church, and has never been conducted with such bitterness. Repeatedly the German bishops have asked the Reich Government to discontinue this fatal struggle; but unfortunately our appeals and our endeavours were without success. (en)
  • The Catholic Church... had generally viewed the Nazi Party with fear and suspicion. It had felt threatened by a radical ultranationalist ideology that regarded the papacy as a sinister, alien institution, that opposed denominational separatism in education and culture, and that at times appeared to promote a return to Nordic paganism. The establishment of the Third Reich seemed to portend the coming of a bitter conflict between church and state. (en)
  • It quickly became clear that [Hitler] intended to imprison the Catholics, as it were, in their own churches. They could celebrate mass and retain their rituals as much as they liked, but they could have nothing at all to do with German society otherwise. Catholic schools and newspapers were closed, and a propaganda campaign against the Catholics was launched. (en)
  • [T]heories began to appear which denied the unity of the human race, affirming an original diversity of races. In the 20th century, National Socialism in Germany used these ideas as a pseudo-scientific basis for a distinction between so called Nordic-Aryan races and supposedly inferior races. Furthermore, an extremist form of nationalism was heightened in Germany by the defeat of 1918 and the demanding conditions imposed by the victors, with the consequence that many saw in National Socialism a solution to their country's problems and cooperated politically with this movement. The church in Germany replied by condemning racism. (en)
  • Let us once again tread the path of justice, decency and mutual respect! In this spirit each of us will do his duty. Let us follow the commands of God which are engraved on our conscience, even when them seem hard to us: let us do everything to heal wounded souls and alleviate suffering. (en)
  • [This is an] "Hour of Darkness" ... in which the spirit of violence and of discord brings indescribable suffering on mankind ... The nations swept into the tragic whirlpool of war are perhaps as yet only at the "beginnings of sorrows" ... but even now there reigns in thousands of families death and desolation, lamentation and misery. The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous dirge over a nation such as Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization, written in indelible characters in the annals of history, has a right to the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits, relying on the powerful intercession of Mary, Help of Christians, the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace. (en)
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  • كانت المقاومة الكاثوليكية لألمانيا النازية إحدى مقومات مقاومة النازية خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. أثار دور الكنيسة الكاثوليكية في فترة النازية جدلًا واسعًا بين المؤرخين. إذ يرى العديد من المؤلفين مثل كلاوس شولدر أن: «المقاومة الكاثوليكية لم تكن موجودة في ألمانيا بصفة رسمية، بل كان الكاثوليكيين أنفسهم هم من اضطلعوا بالمقاومة». إذ أن سياسة الفاتيكان المحايدة كانت تعني أن البابا لم يدفع الكاثوليك إلى الانحياز لصف الاشتراكية القومية أو مبادئ الأخلاق الكاثوليكية، حتى أن البابا بيوس الثاني عشر حينها أصر على أن البلشفية تشكل أكبر تهديدًا للعالم قائلًا: «ألمانيا أمة عظيمة، وهي في حربها ضد البلشفية لا تنزف الدماء من أجل أصدقائها فقط بل من أجل أعداءها كذلك». كتب بيوس الثاني عشر خطابًا إلى الأسقف برسينغ عام 1941 وقال فيه: «نظرًا إلى أن مصير الكنيسة في ألمانيا يتوقف على سلوكك العام، نهيب بك وبزملائك (ar)
  • Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany was a component of German resistance to Nazism and of Resistance during World War II. The role of the Catholic Church during the Nazi years remains a matter of much contention. From the outset of Nazi rule in 1933, issues emerged which brought the church into conflict with the regime and persecution of the church led Pope Pius XI to denounce the policies of the Nazi Government in the 1937 papal encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. His successor Pius XII faced the war years and provided intelligence to the Allies. Catholics fought on both sides in World War II and neither the Catholic nor Protestant churches as institutions were prepared to openly oppose the Nazi State. (en)
  • Pemberontakan Katolik terhadap Nazisme adalah sebuah komponen dari dan . melawan , namun berupaya berkompromi saat Hitler memenangkan kekuasaan. Dari pencanangan kekuasaan Nazi pada 1933, isu-isu yang memuatkan Gereja berkonflik dengan rezim tersebut dan membuat Paus Pius XI mengecam kebijakan-kebijakan Pemerintah Nazi dalam ensiklik kepausan tahun 1937 Mit brennender Sorge. Penerusnya Pius XII menghadapi tahun-tahun perang dan . Meskipun umat Katolik bertarung di kedua belah pihak dan baik gereja-gereja Katolik maupun Protestan sebagai lembaga dipersiapkan untuk secara terbuka melawan Negara Nazi, gereja-gereja tersebut menyediakan pusat-pusat terawal dan paling mendorong perlawanan sistematis terhadpa kebijakan-kebijakan Nazi, dan moralitas Kristen dan kebijakan-kebijakan anti-Gereja (in)
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  • Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany (en)
  • المقاومة الكاثوليكية لألمانيا النازية (ar)
  • Pemberontakan Katolik terhadap Jerman Nazi (in)
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