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During the Second Anglo-Boer War which lasted from 1899–1902, the British operated concentration camps in South Africa: the term "concentration camp" grew in prominence during that period. The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as refugee camps in order to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for any reason which was related to the war. However, when General The 1st Baron Kitchener of Khartoum, as he then was, took command of the British forces in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. An epidemic of measles killed thousands. According to historian Thomas Pakenham, Lord Kitchener initiated plans to flush out guerrillas in a seri

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  • Durante la Segunda guerra bóer, que duró de 1899 a 1902, los británicos crearon campos de concentración en Sudáfrica. Los campos fueron establecidos originalmente por el ejército británico como campos de refugiados para proporcionar refugio a las familias civiles que se habían visto obligadas a abandonar sus hogares por cualquier motivo relacionado con la guerra. Sin embargo, Frederick Roberts, comandante en jefe británico, inició una política de tierra quemada a mediados de junio de 1900, en un intento de romper la campaña de guerrillas y, como resultado, la afluencia de civiles creció dramáticamente.​​ A finales de 1900, Herbert Kitchener tomó el mando de las fuerzas británicas e intensificó esa política, lo que provocó la extrema masificación de los campos.​ Esta no fue la primera aparición de campos de internamiento, ya que los españoles habían utilizado el internamiento durante la Guerra de Independencia cubana,​​ pero el sistema de campos de concentración de la guerra bóer fue la primera vez que una nación entera era atacada sistemáticamente.​ Hubo un total de 46 campamentos que se construyeron para los internos bóeres​ y un mínimo de 66 campamentos adicionales que se construyeron para personas negras.​ De los 33 000 hombres bóeres que fueron capturados como prisioneros de guerra, más de 30 000 fueron enviados campos de prisioneros en otros lugares del Imperio Británico.​ La gran mayoría de los bóeres que permanecieron en los campamentos locales eran mujeres y niños. Más de 27 927 mujeres y niños bóeres perecieron en estos campos de concentración, así como más de 20 000 negros en los campos específicos para mantener la segregación.​​ Los campos estuvieron mal administrados desde el principio y se sobreocuparon cada vez más cuando las tropas de Kitchener implementaron la estrategia de internamiento a gran escala. Las condiciones eran pésimas para la salud de los internos, principalmente por el abandono, la mala higiene y las malas condiciones sanitarias. Las raciones de alimentos eran escasas, el alojamiento inadecuado, la mala alimentación, la mala higiene y el hacinamiento llevaron a la desnutrición y enfermedades endémicas contagiosas como el sarampión, la fiebre tifoidea y la disentería a la que los niños eran particularmente vulnerables.​ (es)
  • Les camps de concentration britanniques en Afrique du Sud furent construits durant la Seconde guerre des Boers par l'armée impériale britannique afin d'y interner les populations civiles boers et indigènes. Sur près de 145 000 femmes et enfants boers internés dans 49 camps, 27 927 y moururent, victimes de conditions de vie effroyables, aggravées par des épidémies de rougeole et de typhus. Dans des camps séparés furent également internés plus de 140 000 femmes, hommes et enfants de couleurs qui avaient travaillé sur les fermes des Boers en tant que domestiques, journaliers, ouvriers agricoles, ou bien avaient été fait prisonniers sur les champs de bataille. (fr)
  • During the Second Anglo-Boer War which lasted from 1899–1902, the British operated concentration camps in South Africa: the term "concentration camp" grew in prominence during that period. The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as refugee camps in order to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for any reason which was related to the war. However, when General The 1st Baron Kitchener of Khartoum, as he then was, took command of the British forces in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. An epidemic of measles killed thousands. According to historian Thomas Pakenham, Lord Kitchener initiated plans to flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined by a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children. It was the clearance of civilians - uprooting a nation- that came to dominate the last phases of the war. As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "Scorched Earth" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and the slaughtering or removal of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms—to prevent the Boers from resupplying themselves from a home base, many tens of thousands of men, women and children were forcibly moved into the camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the Ten Years' War, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which some whole regions had been depopulated. Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps which were built for Boer internees and 64 additional camps which were built for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men who were captured as prisoners of war, 25,630 were sent overseas. The vast majority of Boers who remained in the local camps were women and children. Over 26,000 women and children perished in these concentration camps. The camps were poorly administered from the outset and they became increasingly overcrowded when Lord Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food rations were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. (en)
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  • Durante la Segunda guerra bóer, que duró de 1899 a 1902, los británicos crearon campos de concentración en Sudáfrica. Los campos fueron establecidos originalmente por el ejército británico como campos de refugiados para proporcionar refugio a las familias civiles que se habían visto obligadas a abandonar sus hogares por cualquier motivo relacionado con la guerra. Sin embargo, Frederick Roberts, comandante en jefe británico, inició una política de tierra quemada a mediados de junio de 1900, en un intento de romper la campaña de guerrillas y, como resultado, la afluencia de civiles creció dramáticamente.​​ A finales de 1900, Herbert Kitchener tomó el mando de las fuerzas británicas e intensificó esa política, lo que provocó la extrema masificación de los campos.​ (es)
  • During the Second Anglo-Boer War which lasted from 1899–1902, the British operated concentration camps in South Africa: the term "concentration camp" grew in prominence during that period. The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as refugee camps in order to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for any reason which was related to the war. However, when General The 1st Baron Kitchener of Khartoum, as he then was, took command of the British forces in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. An epidemic of measles killed thousands. According to historian Thomas Pakenham, Lord Kitchener initiated plans to flush out guerrillas in a seri (en)
  • Les camps de concentration britanniques en Afrique du Sud furent construits durant la Seconde guerre des Boers par l'armée impériale britannique afin d'y interner les populations civiles boers et indigènes. Sur près de 145 000 femmes et enfants boers internés dans 49 camps, 27 927 y moururent, victimes de conditions de vie effroyables, aggravées par des épidémies de rougeole et de typhus. (fr)
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  • Second Boer War concentration camps (en)
  • Campos de concentración en la segunda guerra bóer (es)
  • Camps de concentration britanniques en Afrique du Sud (fr)
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