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- Bei Unruhen in Belfast zwischen 1920 und 1922 starben knapp 500 Menschen. Die Mehrzahl der Opfer wurde von Heckenschützen erschossen. Die Auseinandersetzungen fanden vor dem Hintergrund des Irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges statt, in dem die IRA für eine von Großbritannien unabhängige Irische Republik kämpfte. Belfast wurde mehrheitlich von protestantischen Unionisten bewohnt, die für das Fortbestehen der Union mit Großbritannien eintraten. 1921 wurde Irland geteilt; Belfast wurde Hauptstadt von Nordirland. Die Unruhen in Belfast und weiteren Landesteilen hatten tiefgreifende Konsequenzen für das Verhältnis zwischen der von Unionisten gestellten Regierung und der katholisch-nationalistischen Minderheit Nordirlands. (de)
- The Troubles of the 1920s was a period of conflict in what is now Northern Ireland from June 1920 until June 1922, during and after the Irish War of Independence and the partition of Ireland. It was mainly a communal conflict between Protestant Unionists, who wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom, and Catholic Irish nationalists, who backed Irish independence. More than 500 people were killed and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them from the Catholic minority. At the time, Ireland as a whole had a Catholic and Irish nationalist majority, but Protestants and Unionists were a majority in eastern parts of the northern province of Ulster. Following the Home Rule Crisis, the British government proposed to solve the issue by partitioning Ireland, creating two self-governing territories of the UK: Northern Ireland (with Belfast its capital) and Southern Ireland. Irish nationalists opposed partition. In the 1918 general election, Irish republican party Sinn Féin won the overwhelming majority of Irish seats. Its elected members formed an Irish parliament (Dáil Éireann), unilaterally declared the whole island to be an independent Irish Republic and issued the Irish Declaration of Independence (21 January 1919). A guerrilla conflict developed as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) began attacking British forces, although it was less active in the north. Protestant Loyalists attacked the Catholic community in retaliation. In July 1920, Loyalists drove 8,000 mostly Catholic co-workers out of the Belfast shipyards, sparking sectarian violence in the city. That summer, sectarian violence also erupted in Derry, leaving twenty people dead, while there were mass burnings of Catholic property and expulsions of Catholics from their homes in Dromore, Lisburn and Banbridge Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in Belfast, which saw "savage and unprecedented" communal violence between Protestants and Catholics. There was rioting, gun battles, and bombings. Almost 1,000 homes and businesses were destroyed and thousands of people were forced out of mixed neighbourhoods. In the Belfast violence, Hibernians were more involved on the Catholic/Nationalist side than the IRA, while groups such as the Ulster Volunteers were involved on the Protestant/Loyalist side. The British Army was deployed and the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) was formed to help the regular police – the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The USC was almost wholly Protestant and some members carried out reprisal attacks on Catholics. The Irish Republic approved the "Belfast Boycott" of Unionist-owned businesses and banks in the city. It was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries and destroyed goods. In May 1921, partition came into force under British law. Unionists won most seats in the Northern Ireland election and formed a devolved government. A ceasefire (truce) began on 11 July 1921, ending the fighting in most of Ireland. It was preceded by Belfast's Bloody Sunday, a day of violence in which twenty people were killed. In early 1922, there were clashes between the IRA and USC around the new border, notably the Clones, County Monaghan incident. There was a resurgence of sectarian violence in Belfast, including the McMahon killings and the Arnon Street killings; these were allegedly carried out by policemen in revenge for the killing of fellow officers. In May 1922 the IRA launched a Northern Offensive, secretly backed by Michael Collins, head of the Irish Provisional Government. This saw the , which ended with British troops shelling IRA positions on the border. The Northern government implemented the Special Powers Act, interning suspected IRA members, and imposing a nighttime curfew. The outbreak of Civil War in the south on 28 June 1922 diverted the IRA from its campaign against the Northern government, and violence in Northern Ireland fell sharply. Many Irish nationalists saw the violence in and around Belfast as a pogrom against Irish Catholics, referring to it as the "Belfast Pogrom". Catholics were a quarter of the city's population but made up two-thirds of those killed, suffered 80% of the property destruction and made up 80% of refugees. Despite the role played by state forces, particularly the USC, most Unionist historians say the term "pogrom" is misleading, claiming the violence was not all one-sided nor co-ordinated. (en)
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- Bei Unruhen in Belfast zwischen 1920 und 1922 starben knapp 500 Menschen. Die Mehrzahl der Opfer wurde von Heckenschützen erschossen. Die Auseinandersetzungen fanden vor dem Hintergrund des Irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges statt, in dem die IRA für eine von Großbritannien unabhängige Irische Republik kämpfte. Belfast wurde mehrheitlich von protestantischen Unionisten bewohnt, die für das Fortbestehen der Union mit Großbritannien eintraten. 1921 wurde Irland geteilt; Belfast wurde Hauptstadt von Nordirland. Die Unruhen in Belfast und weiteren Landesteilen hatten tiefgreifende Konsequenzen für das Verhältnis zwischen der von Unionisten gestellten Regierung und der katholisch-nationalistischen Minderheit Nordirlands. (de)
- The Troubles of the 1920s was a period of conflict in what is now Northern Ireland from June 1920 until June 1922, during and after the Irish War of Independence and the partition of Ireland. It was mainly a communal conflict between Protestant Unionists, who wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom, and Catholic Irish nationalists, who backed Irish independence. More than 500 people were killed and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them from the Catholic minority. (en)
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