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Statements

Subject Item: dbr:Public_health_engineering
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Subject Item: dbr:Sanitation
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rdfs:label: هندسة صحية Sanitary engineering Ingeniería sanitaria Engenharia sanitária 水污染控制工程 위생공학
rdfs:comment: A Engenharia sanitária é o ramo da engenharia que trata da exploração e do uso da água, dos projetos e das obras de saneamento básico e de saneamento geral, tais como sistemas de abastecimento de água, de esgotos sanitários, de limpeza urbana, também inclusos os sistemas de tratamento e preservação ambiental. Este curso também é chamado de engenharia ambiental e sanitária em algumas universidades. A organização, a iniciativa e o interesse por questões sociais, ambientais e ecológicas são alguns traços de personalidade que podem ajudar o profissional a ter sucesso no mercado de trabalho. Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. Traditionally a branch of civil engineering and now a subset of environmental engineering, in the mid-19th century, the discipline concentrated on the reduction of disease, then thought to be caused by miasma. This was accomplished mainly by the collection and segregation of sewerage flow in London specifically, and Great Britain generally. These and later regulatory improvements were reported in the United States as early as 1865. 水污染控制工程，是目标使其受纳水体的各项功能能符合有关方面要求所作的各类工作的总称。水污染控制工程按处理功能的对象，有接合了环境功能的水利设施、大型市政污水处理系统、中小城镇污水处理系统及工商业污水处理系统。依處理的群組區分，則包括集中污水处理工程和分类污水处理工程。分类污水处理工程一般用于处理工厂排放的特定类型污水，含有工厂产生的具体有毒有害物质，需要用特别设计的工艺处理。集中污水处理工程主要用于集中处理城市生活污水，建造城市污水处理厂，主要处理对象为生活污水中含有的（指标为COD或BOD）、（指标为铵盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐）、（指标为正磷酸盐和）。另外还需要控制的指标有（溶解氧）、、恶臭、pH值、大肠杆菌数量和SS（悬浮固体物质）。普通污水处理方法主要分三大类：物理方法（包括过滤、沉淀、紫外消毒等）、化学方法（臭氧氧化、氯气消毒等）、生物化学方法（厌氧生物法、好氧生物法等）。一个典型的污水处理工艺流程为：进水、物理处理（格栅除渣、沉砂）、生物处理（厌氧法、好氧法）、物理处理（二次沉淀）、物理化学处理（紫外、臭氧或氯气消毒）及出水。生物处理环节去除掉污水中大部分的污染物，并降低色度，最后的消毒程序去除了大部分的致病菌，如大肠杆菌。 위생공학(衛生工學, Sanitary Engineering)이란 인류사회의 위생증진에 적용하기 위한 공학기술로, 주로 인간 사회에서 나오는 폐기물들의 안전한 제거와 폐기, 안전한 식수공급 등을 목적으로 한다. 전통적으로 토목공학의 일종으로 분류되었고, 19세기 중반 당시에는 위생공학의 중점은 각종 질병 감소에 있었다. 이는 당시 세간에 정설처럼 받아들여지고 있던 미아즈마 학설(나쁜 냄새를 포함한 나쁜 공기나 수증기가 질병을 일으킨다는 학설) 때문인데, 토목공학 기술을 이용하여 폐기물들의 냄새를 처리하기 위한 것이 중점이 되었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 위생공학은 영국, 특히 런던의 하수처리 시스템에 적용되어 많은 초기 성과가 있었다. الهندسة الصحية هو فرع من فروع الهندسة المدنية وتهتم بما يخص الصحة العامة. يطلق عليها أحياناً اسم الهندسة البيئية، إلا أن اهتمام الهندسة الصحية محصور أكثر من الهندسة البيئية بما يخص صحة الإنسان أكثر من نظافة البيئة، وتخفيف التلوث، أو الضجيج وغيرها. بداية في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، النظام ركز على التقليل من المرض وتوقعوا أنه بسبب المستنقعات المدعوه ب نظرية ميازما ,وقد تحقق هذا بشكل رئيسي بواسطة الجمع والعزل من تدفق مياه المجاري في لندن على وجه التحديد أي من بريطانيا عموما. وفي وقت لاحق كانت التحسينات التنظيمية قد ذكرت في الولايات المتحدة في وقت مبكر من العام 1865. La ingeniería sanitaria es la rama de la ingeniería dedicada básicamente al saneamiento de los ámbitos en que se desarrolla la actividad humana. Se vale para ello de los conocimientos que se imparten en disciplinas como la hidráulica, la ingeniería química, la biología (particularmente la microbiología), la física, la matemática, la mecánica, electromagnetismo, la electromecánica, la Termodinámica, entre otras. Su campo se complementa y se comparte en los últimos años con las tareas que afronta la ingeniería ambiental, que extiende su actividad a los ambientes aéreos y edáficos.
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dbo:abstract: Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. Traditionally a branch of civil engineering and now a subset of environmental engineering, in the mid-19th century, the discipline concentrated on the reduction of disease, then thought to be caused by miasma. This was accomplished mainly by the collection and segregation of sewerage flow in London specifically, and Great Britain generally. These and later regulatory improvements were reported in the United States as early as 1865. It is also concerned with environmental factors that do not have an immediate and clearly understood effect on public health. Areas outside the purview of sanitary engineering include aesthetic concerns such as landscaping, and environmental conservation as it pertains to plants and animals. Skills within this field are usually employed for the primary goal of disease prevention within human beings by assuring a supply of healthy drinking water, treatment of waste water, and removal of garbage from inhabited areas. Compared to (for example) electrical engineering or mechanical engineering which are concerned primarily with closed systems, sanitary engineering is a very interdisciplinary field which may involve such elements as plumbing, fire protection, hydraulics, life safety, constructive modelling, information technology, project design, microbiology, pathology and the many divisions within environmental science and environmental technology. In some cases, considerations that fall within the field of social sciences and urban planning must be factored in as well. Although sanitary engineering may be most associated with the design of sewers, sewage treatment and wastewater treatment facilities, recycling centers, public landfills and other things which are constructed, the term applies equally to a plan of action to reverse the effects of water pollution or soil contamination in a specific area. 위생공학(衛生工學, Sanitary Engineering)이란 인류사회의 위생증진에 적용하기 위한 공학기술로, 주로 인간 사회에서 나오는 폐기물들의 안전한 제거와 폐기, 안전한 식수공급 등을 목적으로 한다. 전통적으로 토목공학의 일종으로 분류되었고, 19세기 중반 당시에는 위생공학의 중점은 각종 질병 감소에 있었다. 이는 당시 세간에 정설처럼 받아들여지고 있던 미아즈마 학설(나쁜 냄새를 포함한 나쁜 공기나 수증기가 질병을 일으킨다는 학설) 때문인데, 토목공학 기술을 이용하여 폐기물들의 냄새를 처리하기 위한 것이 중점이 되었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 위생공학은 영국, 특히 런던의 하수처리 시스템에 적용되어 많은 초기 성과가 있었다. الهندسة الصحية هو فرع من فروع الهندسة المدنية وتهتم بما يخص الصحة العامة. يطلق عليها أحياناً اسم الهندسة البيئية، إلا أن اهتمام الهندسة الصحية محصور أكثر من الهندسة البيئية بما يخص صحة الإنسان أكثر من نظافة البيئة، وتخفيف التلوث، أو الضجيج وغيرها. بداية في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، النظام ركز على التقليل من المرض وتوقعوا أنه بسبب المستنقعات المدعوه ب نظرية ميازما ,وقد تحقق هذا بشكل رئيسي بواسطة الجمع والعزل من تدفق مياه المجاري في لندن على وجه التحديد أي من بريطانيا عموما. وفي وقت لاحق كانت التحسينات التنظيمية قد ذكرت في الولايات المتحدة في وقت مبكر من العام 1865. لم تكن معنية بالعوامل البية التي لا يكون لها تأثير فوري ومفهوم بشكل واضح على الصحة العامة.المناطق التي تقع خارج نطاق اختصاص الهندسة الصحية وتشمل إدارة المرور والمخاوف بشأن التلوث الضوضائي أو التلوث الضوئي والمخاوف الجمالية مثل المناظر الطبيعية والحفاظ على البيئة لأنها تتعلق بالنباتات والحيوانات. وغالبا ما توظف مهارات في هذا المجال لتحقيق الهدف الأساسي للوقاية من الأمراض داخل حياة الإنسان بالتأكد من امدادات مياه الشرب الصحية وإزالة القمامة من المناطق المأهولة وما إلى ذلك. مقارنة ب(على سبيل المثال)الهندسة كهربائية أو التي تعنى في المقام الأول بالأنظمة المغلقة.الهندسة الصحية هيه حقل متعدد التخصصات للغاية والتي تحتوي على عناصر مثل الهيدروليكية والتصاميم البناءة وتكنولوجيا المعلومات وتصميم المشاريع والميكروبيولوجيا وعلم الأمراض (الباثولوجي) والعديد من الأقسام داخل العلوم البيئية والتكنولوجيا البيئية. في بعض الحالات يجب الأخذ بالاعتبار المجالات التي تدخل في مجال العلوم الاجتماعية لابد أخذها في الحسبان أيضا. بالرغم من أن الهندسة الصحية الأكثر ارتباطا في تصميم شبكات الصرف الصحي ومعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ومرافق معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ومراكز إعادة التدوير النفايات، ومكبات النفايات العامة وغيرها من الأمور التي يتم بناؤها. وهيه المصطلح الذي يطبق (على سبيل المثال) خطة عمل لعكس آثار تلوث الماء أو تلوث التربة في منطقة معينة. 水污染控制工程，是目标使其受纳水体的各项功能能符合有关方面要求所作的各类工作的总称。水污染控制工程按处理功能的对象，有接合了环境功能的水利设施、大型市政污水处理系统、中小城镇污水处理系统及工商业污水处理系统。依處理的群組區分，則包括集中污水处理工程和分类污水处理工程。分类污水处理工程一般用于处理工厂排放的特定类型污水，含有工厂产生的具体有毒有害物质，需要用特别设计的工艺处理。集中污水处理工程主要用于集中处理城市生活污水，建造城市污水处理厂，主要处理对象为生活污水中含有的（指标为COD或BOD）、（指标为铵盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐）、（指标为正磷酸盐和）。另外还需要控制的指标有（溶解氧）、、恶臭、pH值、大肠杆菌数量和SS（悬浮固体物质）。普通污水处理方法主要分三大类：物理方法（包括过滤、沉淀、紫外消毒等）、化学方法（臭氧氧化、氯气消毒等）、生物化学方法（厌氧生物法、好氧生物法等）。一个典型的污水处理工艺流程为：进水、物理处理（格栅除渣、沉砂）、生物处理（厌氧法、好氧法）、物理处理（二次沉淀）、物理化学处理（紫外、臭氧或氯气消毒）及出水。生物处理环节去除掉污水中大部分的污染物，并降低色度，最后的消毒程序去除了大部分的致病菌，如大肠杆菌。 A Engenharia sanitária é o ramo da engenharia que trata da exploração e do uso da água, dos projetos e das obras de saneamento básico e de saneamento geral, tais como sistemas de abastecimento de água, de esgotos sanitários, de limpeza urbana, também inclusos os sistemas de tratamento e preservação ambiental. Este curso também é chamado de engenharia ambiental e sanitária em algumas universidades. O engenheiro sanitarista deve ter ampla formação nas áreas ambiental, de Hidráulica, de Hidrologia e de recursos hídricos, pois planeja e orienta o uso da água de bacias hidrográficas, elaborando Planos Diretores de Abastecimento de Água, de Esgotos Sanitários e de Bacias Hidrográficas. Ele também elabora projetos de redes de água e de esgotos, irrigação e drenagem, além de projetar canais de escoamento. Este profissional também pode gerenciar a operação de Estações de Tratamento de Águas (ETA) e de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE), que tratam águas poluídas ou contaminadas. A organização, a iniciativa e o interesse por questões sociais, ambientais e ecológicas são alguns traços de personalidade que podem ajudar o profissional a ter sucesso no mercado de trabalho. O engenheiro sanitarista pode atuar em empresas de consultoria voltadas a estudos e projetos de obras sanitárias (água, esgoto, drenagem e resíduos sólidos), na criação de sistemas de irrigação, drenagem, saneamento e bombeamento, inclusive em emissários submarinos ou subfluviais. Pode ainda desenvolver Estudos de Impactos Ambientais (EIA-RIMA), em conjunto com uma equipe multidisciplinar. La ingeniería sanitaria es la rama de la ingeniería dedicada básicamente al saneamiento de los ámbitos en que se desarrolla la actividad humana. Se vale para ello de los conocimientos que se imparten en disciplinas como la hidráulica, la ingeniería química, la biología (particularmente la microbiología), la física, la matemática, la mecánica, electromagnetismo, la electromecánica, la Termodinámica, entre otras. Su campo se complementa y se comparte en los últimos años con las tareas que afronta la ingeniería ambiental, que extiende su actividad a los ambientes aéreos y edáficos. El hombre posee la necesidad de vivir en sociedad. Esto trae como consecuencia la formación de aglomeraciones humanas, las cuales traen muchos problemas que se agudizan cuando la población se forma sin un plan previo de ordenamiento. Entre los muchos problemas que traen las aglomeraciones urbanas, las que más interesan a la Ingeniería Sanitaria, son la aparición de enfermedades, en mayor cantidad, cuando no se cumplen los requisitos fundamentales de la higiene. Los problemas higiénicos producidos por las grandes urbanizaciones, que muchas veces se agudizan por la presencia de los animales que nos rodean, se traducen en definitiva en el deterioro del medio ambiente circundante, es decir, se produce lo que comúnmente llamaríamos contaminación. Los elementos del medio ambiente susceptibles de contaminación son, el aire y el agua (y el suelo); que junto con los alimentos, la luz y el calor son los que se han dado a llamar los cinco elementos esenciales para la vida. Surge en consecuencia la necesidad de adoptar a través del vector que maneja la salubridad, todas las medidas que conciernen al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de la población y al cuidado de la salud colectiva. Posiblemente el mayor logro de la ingeniería sanitaria fue la drástica disminución de las enfermedades de origen hídrico, como disentería, tifoidea, diarreas infantiles y otras. Tal logro fue alcanzado mediante el tratamiento de agua para consumo humano, clarificándola, filtrándola y desinfectándola. Estas prácticas comenzaron a hacerse en la edad contemporánea desde mediados del siglo XIX, y surge allí especialmente el nombre del médico inglés John Snow, que aunó en su estudio métodos de epidemiología y de ingeniería. La Ingeniería Sanitaria se orienta a la gestión, planeación, análisis, diseño, desarrollo e implementación de tecnologías apropiadas que buscan ofrecer alternativas de solución a los diversos problemas de la comunidad y su entorno, haciendo uso de las tecnologías de punta en los diversos campos de las ciencias y del quehacer humano. Constituye, entonces, parte fundamental en la solución a los problemas de salud y medio-ambientales, una actividad que mediante la elaboración de modelos aplicados a la condición ambiental, busca conservar, mejorar y garantizar la salud pública y el bienestar de la comunidad.
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