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- وُجدت الإساءة السياسية الممنهجة للطب النفسي في الاتحاد السوفيتي وكانت تعتمد على تفسير المعارضة السياسية على أنها مشكلة نفسية. كانت تدعى «آليات نفسية مرضية» للمعارضة. خلال فترة رئاسة الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي ليونيد بريجنيف، كان الطب النفسي يستخدم كأداة لإقصاء الأعداء السياسيين («المعارضين») الذين عبروا بشكل علني عن معتقدات تخالف الدوغماتية الرسمية. وكان مصطلح «التسمم الفلسفي» يستخدم بشكل واسع لتشخيص اضطرابات عقلية لدى حالات كان فيها الأشخاص يختلفون مع القادة ويستهدفونهم للنقد لاستخدامهم كتابات كارل ماركس وفريدريك إينجلز وفلاديمير لينين. وضعت المادة 58-10 من القانون الجنائي لستالين -والتي تم إدراجها مثل المادة 70 في القانون الجنائي لجمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية لعام 1962- والمادة 190-1 من القانون الجنائي لجمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية بالإضافة لنظام تشخيص الأمراض العقلية الذي طوره الأكاديمي آندريه سنيجنيفسكي، الشروط المسبقة التي يمكن بموجبها تحويل المعتقدات غير النموذجية بسهولة إلى قضية جنائية وهذه بدورها إلى تشخيص بمرض نفسي. السلوك السياسي المعارض للاتحاد السوفيتي وبالأخص التصريح بمعارضة السلطات والتظاهر من أجل الإصلاح وكتابة الكتب الناقدة كانت تعتبر عند تواجدها معاً في آن واحد لدى بعض الأشخاص فعلاً جنائياً (مثل انتهاك المواد 70 أو 190-1) وعرضاً (مثل «وهم الإصلاح») وتشخيصاً (مثل «الفصام البطيء»). وضمن حدود الفئة التشخيصية كانت أعراض التشاؤم وضعف التأقلم الاجتماعي والصراع مع السلطات كافية بحد ذاتها لوضع تشخيص رسمي لـ «الفصام البطيء». أُدير الاعتقال المتعلق بالطب النفسي لكبح وإيقاف كل من الهجرة وتوزيع المستندات والكتب الممنوعة والمشاركة بأفعال ومظاهرات الحقوق المدنية والتورط بنشاط ديني محرّم. كان المعتقد الديني للسجناء، ومن ضمنهم الملحدين السابقين ذوي التأهيل التعليمي العالي الذين اتخذوا ديانةً ما، يعتبر شكلاً من الأمراض العقلية ويجب أن يُعالج. كانت لجنة أمن الدولة ترسل المعارضين لأطباء نفسيين للتشخيص لتجنب المحاكمات العامة المحرجة ولتشويه سمعة المعارضة بجعلها ثمرة العقول المريضة. المستندات السرية جداً سابقاً التي كانت موجودة ضمن «الملف الخاص» للّجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي نشرت بعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي وهي تثبت أن سلطات الدولة استخدمت الطب النفسي وبتمام وعيها كأداة لكبح المعارضة. في الستينيات، نشأت حركة عنيفة احتجاجاً على الإساءة للطب النفسي في اتحاد الجمهوريات السوفيتية الاشتراكية. أدينت الإساءة السياسية للطب النفسي في الاتحاد السوفيتي خلال مؤتمرات الرابطة العالمية للطب النفسي في مدينة مكسيكو (1971) وهاواي (1977) وفيينا (1983) وأثينا (1989). كانت حملة القضاء على الإساءة السياسية للطب النفسي في اتحاد الجمهوريات السوفيتية الاشتراكية حدثاً جوهرياً في الحرب الباردة، حيث ألحقت بسمعة ومكانة الطب السوفيتي ضرراً لا يمكن إصلاحه. في عام 1971، قام فلاديمير بوكوفسكي بتهريب ملف من 150 صفحة إلى الغرب وثِّقت فيه الإساءة السياسية للطب النفسي، وقد أرسله إلى صحيفة التايمز. كانت المستندات عبارة عن نسخ لتقارير قضائية جدلية عن شخصيات بارزة معارضة للاتحاد السوفيتي. في كانون الثاني من عام 1972، تم إدانة بوكوفسكي تحت القانون الجنائي بسبب نشره لحرب دعائية ضد الاتحاد السوفيتي، وبشكل رئيسي اعتماداً على أساسه وخلفيته، وامتلاكه نية ضد الاتحاد السوفيتي ونشره وترويجه لتقارير كاذبة عن المعارضين السياسيين. صرّح فريق العمل للدفاع عن حقوق الإنسان في اتحاد الجمهوريات السوفيتية الاشتراكية أن بوكوفسكي قد اعتقل كنتيجة مباشرة لاستعطافه للأطباء النفسيين حول العالم، ولذلك يقترح الآن أنهم يملكون قدره بين أيديهم. في عام 1974، كتب بوكوفسكي والطبيب النفسي المسجون سيميون غلوزمان دليلاً عن الطب النفسي للمعارضين، قدم للضحايا المستقبليين المحتملين للطب النفسي السياسي تعليمات عن كيفية التصرف خلال الاستجواب لتجنب أن يتم تشخيصهم بأنهم مرضى عقلياً. استمرت الإساءة السياسية للطب النفسي في روسيا بعد سقوط الاتحاد السوفيتي وهددت الناشطين بحقوق الإنسان بالحصول على تشخيص نفسي. (ar)
- In the Soviet Union, systematic political abuse of psychiatry took place and was based on the interpretation of political dissent as a psychiatric problem. It was called "psychopathological mechanisms" of dissent. During the leadership of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, psychiatry was used as a tool to eliminate political opponents ("dissidents") who openly expressed beliefs that contradicted official dogma. The term "philosophical intoxication" was widely used to diagnose mental disorders in cases where people disagreed with leaders and made them the target of criticism that used the writings by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. Article 58-10 of the Stalin Criminal Code—which as Article 70 had been shifted into the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1962—and Article 190-1 of the RSFSR Criminal Code along with the system of diagnosing mental illness, developed by academician Andrei Snezhnevsky, created the very preconditions under which non-standard beliefs could easily be transformed into a criminal case, and it, in its turn, into a psychiatric diagnosis. Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g., violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g., "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g., "sluggish schizophrenia"). Within the boundaries of the diagnostic category, the symptoms of pessimism, poor social adaptation and conflict with authorities were themselves sufficient for a formal diagnosis of "sluggish schizophrenia." The psychiatric incarceration was conducted to suppress emigration, distribution of prohibited documents or books, participation in civil rights actions and demonstrations, and involvement in forbidden religious activity. The religious faith of prisoners, including well-educated former atheists who adopted a religion, was determined to be a form of mental illness that needed to be cured. The KGB routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds. Formerly highly classified extant documents from "Special file" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union demonstrate that the authorities of the country quite consciously used psychiatry as a tool to suppress dissent. In the 1960s, a vigorous movement grew up protesting against abuse of psychiatry in the USSR. Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union was denounced in the course of the Congresses of the World Psychiatric Association in Mexico City (1971), Hawaii (1977), Vienna (1983) and Athens (1989). The campaign to terminate political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR was a key episode in the Cold War, inflicting irretrievable damage on the prestige of Soviet medicine. In 1971, Vladimir Bukovsky smuggled to the West a file of 150 pages documenting the political abuse of psychiatry, which he sent to The Times. The documents were photocopies of forensic reports on prominent Soviet dissidents. In January 1972, Bukovsky was convicted of spreading anti-Soviet propaganda under Criminal Code, mainly on the ground that he had, with anti-Soviet intention, circulated false reports about political dissenters. Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR stated that Bukosky was arrested as a direct result of his appeal to world's psychiatrists, thereby suggesting that now they held his destiny in their hands. In 1974, Bukovsky and the incarcerated psychiatrist Semyon Gluzman wrote A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents, which provided potential future victims of political psychiatry with instructions on how to behave during inquest in order to avoid being diagnosed as mentally sick. Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia continues after the fall of the Soviet Union and threatens human rights activists with a psychiatric diagnosis. (en)
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- Предисловие к книге Анатолия Прокопенко «Безумная психиатрия» (en)
- La psychiatrie française et sa représentation internationale (en)
- Documents on the Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the USSR (en)
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- № 3 (en)
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- "In recent years in our country a number of court orders have been made involving the placing in psychiatric hospitals of people who in the opinion of their relatives and close friends are mentally healthy. These people are: Grigorenko, Rips, Gorbanevskaya, Novodvorskaya, Yakhimovich, Gershuni, Fainberg, Victor Kuznetsov, Iofe, V. Borisov and others – people well known for their initiative in defence of civil rights in the U.S.S.R.
This phenomenon arouses justified anxiety, especially in view of the widely publicized placing of the biologist Zhores Medvedev in a psychiatric hospital by extrajudicial means.
The diagnoses of the psychiatrists who have served as expert witnesses in court, and on whose diagnoses the court orders are based, provoke many doubts as regards their content. However, only specialists in psychiatry can express authoritative opinions about the degree of legitimacy of these diagnoses.
Taking advantage of the fact that I have managed to obtain exact copies of the diagnostic reports made by the forensic-psychiatric groups who examined Grigorenko, Fainberg, Gorbanevskaya, Borisov and Yakhimovich, and also extracts from the diagnosis on V. Kuznetsov, I am sending you these documents, and also various letters and other material which reveal the character of these people. I will be very grateful to you if you can study this material and express your opinion on it.
I realize that at a distance and without the essential clinical information it is very difficult to determine the mental condition of a person and either to diagnose an illness or assert the absence of any illness. Therefore I ask you to express your opinion on only this point: do the above-mentioned diagnoses contain enough scientifically-based evidence not only to indicate the mental illnesses described in the diagnoses, but also to indicate the necessity of isolating these people completely from society?
I will be very happy if you can interest your colleagues in this matter and if you consider it possible to place it on the agenda for discussion at the next International Congress of Psychiatrists.
For a healthy person there is no fate more terrible than indefinite internment in a mental hospital. I believe that you will not remain indifferent to this problem and will devote a portion of your time to it – just as physicists find time to combat the use of the achievements of their science in ways harmful to mankind.
Thanking you in advance,
V. Bukovsky"
— Bukovsky's 1971 letter addressed to Western psychiatrists (en)
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| dbp:series
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- Series VII: Chris Panico Files, 1979-1992 (en)
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| dbp:title
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- 15 (xsd:integer)
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- http://www.bukovsky-archives.net/pdfs/psychiat/psy70-5.pdf
- Human Rights Watch (en)
- 1980.0
- Russia's political hospitals: The abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union (en)
- A new campaign against the political mind-benders (en)
- Psychiatry and the dark side: eugenics, Nazi and Soviet psychiatry (en)
- Russia and the Cult of State Security: The Chekist Tradition, From Lenin to Putin (en)
- Украинское лицо судебной психиатрии (en)
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- Preface to the book by Anatoly Prokopenko Mad Psychiatry (en)
- French psychiatry and its international image (en)
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- From political abuses of psychiatry to the reform of psychiatric service (en)
- Psychiatry as a tool of coercion in post-Soviet countries (en)
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- Quote set of the issue (en)
- Sociodynamic Psychiatry (en)
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- The history of psychiatric repression (en)
- A diagnosis is quickly found to attribute a person with (en)
- View of the eyewitness to the backstory of the adoption of the Mental Health Law (en)
- Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag (en)
- The etiology of abuses in psychiatry: an attempt at multidisciplinary analysis (en)
- The alliance of law and mercy: on the issue of human rights protection in psychiatry (en)
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- July 1984 (en)
- April 2012 (en)
- January 1978b (en)
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- وُجدت الإساءة السياسية الممنهجة للطب النفسي في الاتحاد السوفيتي وكانت تعتمد على تفسير المعارضة السياسية على أنها مشكلة نفسية. كانت تدعى «آليات نفسية مرضية» للمعارضة. خلال فترة رئاسة الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي ليونيد بريجنيف، كان الطب النفسي يستخدم كأداة لإقصاء الأعداء السياسيين («المعارضين») الذين عبروا بشكل علني عن معتقدات تخالف الدوغماتية الرسمية. وكان مصطلح «التسمم الفلسفي» يستخدم بشكل واسع لتشخيص اضطرابات عقلية لدى حالات كان فيها الأشخاص يختلفون مع القادة ويستهدفونهم للنقد لاستخدامهم كتابات كارل ماركس وفريدريك إينجلز وفلاديمير لينين. وضعت المادة 58-10 من القانون الجنائي لستالين -والتي تم إدراجها مثل المادة 70 في القانون الجنائي لجمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية لعام 1962- والمادة 190-1 من القانون الجنائي لجمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية بالإضافة لنظام (ar)
- In the Soviet Union, systematic political abuse of psychiatry took place and was based on the interpretation of political dissent as a psychiatric problem. It was called "psychopathological mechanisms" of dissent. Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia continues after the fall of the Soviet Union and threatens human rights activists with a psychiatric diagnosis. (en)
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- Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union (en)
- النضال ضد الانتهاك المسيس للطب النفسي في الاتحاد السوفيتي (ar)
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