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Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Their grammatical forms and meanings have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article discusses nouns and adjectives; Proto-Indo-European pronouns are treated elsewhere. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had eight or nine cases, three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and probably originally two genders (animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine.

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  • Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Their grammatical forms and meanings have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article discusses nouns and adjectives; Proto-Indo-European pronouns are treated elsewhere. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had eight or nine cases, three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and probably originally two genders (animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine. Nominals fell into multiple different declensions. Most of them had word stems ending in a consonant (called athematic stems) and exhibited a complex pattern of accent shifts and/or vowel changes (ablaut) among the different cases. Two declensions ended in a vowel (*-o/e-) and are called thematic; they were more regular and became more common during the history of PIE and its older daughter languages. PIE very frequently derived nominals from verbs. Just as English giver and gift are ultimately related to the verb give, *déh₃tors 'giver' and *déh₃nom 'gift' are derived from *deh₃- 'to give', but the practice was much more common in PIE. For example, *pṓds 'foot' was derived from *ped- 'to tread', and *dómh₂s 'house' from *demh₂- 'to build'. (en)
  • Существи́тельное, как часть речи праиндоевропейского языка, обладало категориями рода, числа и падежа. Так же, как и глаголы, существительные могли быть тематическими (у которых между основой и окончанием был соединительный гласный *-o-, чередующийся с *-e-) и атематическими (у которых этого гласного не было). Строение существительных можно выразить формулой «корень (+ суффикс1…суффиксn) + окончание». Приставок в праязыке не существовало. (ru)
  • 原始印歐語(PIE)的名詞,它們的構詞法和語義,已經被現代語言學家重新構造出來了,基於了跨越所有印歐語系語言所找到的相似性。 (zh)
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  • Существи́тельное, как часть речи праиндоевропейского языка, обладало категориями рода, числа и падежа. Так же, как и глаголы, существительные могли быть тематическими (у которых между основой и окончанием был соединительный гласный *-o-, чередующийся с *-e-) и атематическими (у которых этого гласного не было). Строение существительных можно выразить формулой «корень (+ суффикс1…суффиксn) + окончание». Приставок в праязыке не существовало. (ru)
  • 原始印歐語(PIE)的名詞,它們的構詞法和語義,已經被現代語言學家重新構造出來了,基於了跨越所有印歐語系語言所找到的相似性。 (zh)
  • Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Their grammatical forms and meanings have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article discusses nouns and adjectives; Proto-Indo-European pronouns are treated elsewhere. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had eight or nine cases, three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and probably originally two genders (animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine. (en)
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  • Proto-Indo-European nominals (en)
  • Существительное в праиндоевропейском языке (ru)
  • 原始印歐語名詞 (zh)
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