About: Nineteen Counties

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The Nineteen Counties were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales, Australia. Settlers were permitted to take up land only within the counties due to the dangers in the wilderness. They were defined by the Governor of New South Wales Ralph Darling in 1826 in accordance with a government order from Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of State. Counties had been used since the first year of settlement, with Cumberland County being proclaimed on 6 June 1788. Several others were later proclaimed around the Sydney area. A further order of 1829 extended these boundaries of the settlement to an area defined as the Nineteen Counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties.

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  • The Nineteen Counties were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales, Australia. Settlers were permitted to take up land only within the counties due to the dangers in the wilderness. They were defined by the Governor of New South Wales Ralph Darling in 1826 in accordance with a government order from Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of State. Counties had been used since the first year of settlement, with Cumberland County being proclaimed on 6 June 1788. Several others were later proclaimed around the Sydney area. A further order of 1829 extended these boundaries of the settlement to an area defined as the Nineteen Counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties. The area covered by the limit extended to Taree in the north, Moruya River in the south and Wellington to the West. The Nineteen Counties were mapped by the Surveyor General Major Thomas Mitchell in 1834. The scale of the map that Mitchell produced was determined by the amount of ship's copper available in Sydney to engrave the map. Despite the uncertainty of land tenure, squatters ran large numbers of sheep and cattle beyond the boundaries. From 1836 they could legally do so, paying £10 per year for the right. From 1847 leases in the unsettled areas were allowed for up to 14 years. The Robertson Land Acts of 1861 allowed unlimited selection and sale of agricultural crown land in designated unsettled areas at £1 per acre, making the limits of location of the nineteen counties redundant. The counties continue to be used for cadastral division purposes, and the rest of New South Wales was likewise divided into counties, totaling 141 by the end of the 19th century. (en)
  • De Limits of Location is een maatregel die de gouverneur van Nieuw-Zuid-Wales, Ralph Darling, in 1826 trof om een einde te maken aan de onbeheerste toe-eigening van land en die hiermee gepaard gaande wetteloosheid aan het pioniersfront van de eerste Australische kolonie. Darling legde negentien county's vast waarbinnen kolonisten zich mochten vestigen. Het land erbuiten was kroonbezit en daarom verboden terrein voor pioniers. De regelgeving was maar moeilijk te handhaven, omdat een volwaardig justitieel systeem met wetshandhavende instanties ontbrak. Zo ontdekte de koloniale overheid pas een jaar nadat de eerste stroom landbezetters (Engels squatters) zich illegaal tussen de Murray-rivier en Port Phillip had gevestigd, dat haar wetten massaal werden overtreden. Mannen uit de hele kolonie en ook kolonisten uit Van Diemensland (het huidige Tasmanië) plaatsten overal paaltjes in de grond en eisten vervolgens het land ertussen voor zich op. Zo wist een betrekkelijk kleine groep enorme hoeveelheden land, soms meerdere honderdduizenden hectaren, in bezit te nemen. De overheid reageerde met het verstrekken van zogenoemde Depasturing Licences, vergunningen waarmee de squatters tegen betaling van tien pond per jaar legaal schapen en vee buiten de county's konden laten grazen. Hiermee werd de illegale inbezitneming feitelijk gelegaliseerd, maar bleef het land wel in bezit van de Kroon. Hoewel de veeboeren nu officieel pachters van de Kroon waren, beschouwden velen het land toch als hun bezit. Dit leidde tot toenemende conflicten met Aboriginals die overal van hun land werden verdreven en ernstig in hun bestaan werden bedreigd. (nl)
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  • The Nineteen Counties were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales, Australia. Settlers were permitted to take up land only within the counties due to the dangers in the wilderness. They were defined by the Governor of New South Wales Ralph Darling in 1826 in accordance with a government order from Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of State. Counties had been used since the first year of settlement, with Cumberland County being proclaimed on 6 June 1788. Several others were later proclaimed around the Sydney area. A further order of 1829 extended these boundaries of the settlement to an area defined as the Nineteen Counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale was within the Nineteen Counties. (en)
  • De Limits of Location is een maatregel die de gouverneur van Nieuw-Zuid-Wales, Ralph Darling, in 1826 trof om een einde te maken aan de onbeheerste toe-eigening van land en die hiermee gepaard gaande wetteloosheid aan het pioniersfront van de eerste Australische kolonie. Darling legde negentien county's vast waarbinnen kolonisten zich mochten vestigen. Het land erbuiten was kroonbezit en daarom verboden terrein voor pioniers. (nl)
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  • Nineteen Counties (en)
  • Limits of location (nl)
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