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A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds. The assay is now recognized as one of the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens, i.e., carcinogens that act by causing genetic damage and is recommended by the OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. There are two major versions of this test, one in vivo and the other in vitro.

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  • Der Mikrokern-Test ist ein Test zum Aufdecken von Chromosomenschäden (Chromosomenbruch bzw. klastogener Effekt) und Schäden des Spindelapparates (aneugener Effekt) an sich teilenden Säugetierzellen, der an den lebenden Zellen (in vivo) oder in vitro an Zelllinien (wie z. B. Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y, CHO, V79, TK6) oder primären Zellen (z. B. humanen Lymphozyten) durchgeführt wird. Er wurde entwickelt, um das gentoxische bzw. mutagene Potential chemischer Substanzen nachzuweisen. (de)
  • A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds. The assay is now recognized as one of the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens, i.e., carcinogens that act by causing genetic damage and is recommended by the OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. There are two major versions of this test, one in vivo and the other in vitro. The in vivo test normally uses mouse bone marrow or mouse peripheral blood. When a bone marrow erythroblast develops into a polychromatic erythrocyte, the main nucleus is extruded; any micronucleus that has been formed may remain behind in the otherwise anucleated cytoplasm. Visualisation of micronuclei is facilitated in these cells because they lack a main nucleus. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Micronuclei were first used to quantify chromosomal damage by H.J. Evans et al., in root tips of the Broad Bean, Vicia faba. Subsequently the in vivo assay was developed independently by W. Schmid and by J.A. Heddle and their colleagues. The mouse peripheral blood assay was developed by J.T. MacGregor and has now been adapted for measurement by flow cytometry by A. Tometsko and colleagues. The first use of micronuclei in cultured cells was by J.A. Heddle and colleagues in human lymphocytes. The assay has been improved by M. Fenech and colleagues for use in lymphocytes and other cells in culture cells. Simple Giemsa staining was originally used for MN scoring. Later, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) method was established, where Cyt-B, an inhibitor of the spindle assembly, was used to prevent cytokinesis occurring after nuclear division. The CBMN method is used for the assessment of chromosomal loss, breakage, and associated apoptosis and necrosis induced by different mutagens. A micronucleus is the erratic (third) nucleus that is formed during the anaphase of mitosis or meiosis. Micronuclei (the name means 'small nucleus') are cytoplasmic bodies having a portion of acentric chromosome or whole chromosome which was not carried to the opposite poles during the anaphase. Their formation results in the daughter cell lacking a part or all of a chromosome. These chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes normally develop nuclear membranes and form as micronuclei as a third nucleus. After cytokinesis, one daughter cell ends up with one nucleus and the other ends up with one large and one small nucleus, i.e., micronuclei. There is a chance of more than one micronucleus forming when more genetic damage has happened.The micronucleus test is used as a tool for genotoxicity assessment of various chemicals. It is easier to conduct than the chromosomal aberration test in terms of procedures and evaluation. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes targeted to the centromere region, it can be determined if a whole chromosome, or only a fragment is lost. (en)
  • Il test del micronucleo è un test di mutagenesi che consente di osservare eventuali errori occorsi durante la mitosi, causati da agenti mutageni. Consiste nel prelevare, da un organismo sottoposto all'agente mutageno, cellule durante la mitosi, e osservarne un discreto numero (almeno un centinaio) al microscopio, dopo aver effettuato una colorazione differenziale che evidenzi il materiale genetico: in caso di errori (provocati dal mutageno), sono visibili, oltre al nucleo, frammenti di DNA sparsi per il citoplasma e che dunque non sono stati incorporati nel nucleo principale durante le ultime fasi della divisione cellulare (chiamati micronuclei). Tali alterazioni, che appaiono come dei piccoli nuclei accessori, sono morfologicamente identici a quelli normali; dunque perfettamente tondi, ma di dimensioni notevolmente ridotte. Infatti per essere considerati dei veri e propri micronuclei, generalmente non devono superare un terzo delle dimensioni del nucleo principale. Effettuando un'analisi statistica sui risultati ottenuti (confrontandoli con un controllo costituito da un organismo non sottoposto al mutageno) è possibile determinare l'effetto della sostanza mutagena, quindi dedurre se la sostanza in oggetto di studio, è una sostanza clastogena, oppure aneuploidizzante. Per una prima valutazione, si ricorre alla tecnica dell'immunofluorescenza indiretta, ovvero si utilizza un anticorpo anticinetocore, che lega le proteine del centromero, al quale poi si legherà l'anticorpo secondario, che porta il fluorocromo. L'effetto della tecnica sopracitata, consta di una fluorescenza, dalla quale si comprende, se il micronucleo contiene il centromero (e quindi viene indicato come K+), o privo di centromero e quindi considerato K- (dove per K si intende Krest e la relativa positività o negatività dell'esito del test). Una regola massimale, permette di dire, che, una volta effettuato il test, e contati i micronuclei; fattane la percentuale relativa al totale delle cellule; se il 70% o poco più risultano K+, la sostanza è aneuploidizzante, viceversa, risulterà clastogena. (it)
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  • Der Mikrokern-Test ist ein Test zum Aufdecken von Chromosomenschäden (Chromosomenbruch bzw. klastogener Effekt) und Schäden des Spindelapparates (aneugener Effekt) an sich teilenden Säugetierzellen, der an den lebenden Zellen (in vivo) oder in vitro an Zelllinien (wie z. B. Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y, CHO, V79, TK6) oder primären Zellen (z. B. humanen Lymphozyten) durchgeführt wird. Er wurde entwickelt, um das gentoxische bzw. mutagene Potential chemischer Substanzen nachzuweisen. (de)
  • A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds. The assay is now recognized as one of the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens, i.e., carcinogens that act by causing genetic damage and is recommended by the OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. There are two major versions of this test, one in vivo and the other in vitro. (en)
  • Il test del micronucleo è un test di mutagenesi che consente di osservare eventuali errori occorsi durante la mitosi, causati da agenti mutageni. Consiste nel prelevare, da un organismo sottoposto all'agente mutageno, cellule durante la mitosi, e osservarne un discreto numero (almeno un centinaio) al microscopio, dopo aver effettuato una colorazione differenziale che evidenzi il materiale genetico: in caso di errori (provocati dal mutageno), sono visibili, oltre al nucleo, frammenti di DNA sparsi per il citoplasma e che dunque non sono stati incorporati nel nucleo principale durante le ultime fasi della divisione cellulare (chiamati micronuclei). Tali alterazioni, che appaiono come dei piccoli nuclei accessori, sono morfologicamente identici a quelli normali; dunque perfettamente tondi, ma (it)
rdfs:label
  • Mikrokerntest (de)
  • Test del micronucleo (it)
  • Micronucleus test (en)
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