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- Die Ritter vom güldenen Sporn, lat. (Einzahl) eques auratus, seltener miles auratus (wörtlich: „vergoldeter“ oder „Gold geschmückter Ritter“, vollständig: eques auratus Sancti Romani Imperii), Mehrzahl equites oder milites aurati, waren im Heiligen Römischen Reich, durch den Herrscher zum Ritter erhobene Personen. Es handelte sich um eine Amtsträgerelite, die überwiegend aus Angehörigen des niederen Adels, aber auch aus Angehörigen des Bürgertums und des Hochadels bestand. (de)
- The Knights of the Golden Spur (Latin equites aurati Sancti Romani Imperii, literally "Golden Knights of the Holy Roman Empire"; short equites aurati or milites aurati, "golden [decorated] knights/soldiers") were a public official elite of the Holy Roman Empire which consisted mainly of members of the gentry, but also from members of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The term should not be confused with the English knight bachelor, who is frequently termed Eques Auratus in Latin monumental inscriptions, especially from the 17th century, denoting the privilege held by him of being allowed to gild his armour. The honorees were awarded the accolade not necessarily for their knighthood, but because of special services. It was a personal honour for services rendered, which was not hereditary. The knight had the right to wear, contrary to existing regulations, golden spurs, or even a gold-plated armor. More practically, he enjoyed the right to wear a gold collar around the neck. Besides the Holy Roman Emperor himself, an eques auratus could also be a particularly privileged Count Palatine (Comes palatinus Caesareus), entitled to carry (other) noble titles and appoint equites aurati in turn. In the free imperial cities, this honor was also increased to the families of the bourgeois patriciate consisting of long-distance trade merchants, bankers and the Council members to access as there was no competition on the part of the nobility to this form of giving. The Order of the Golden Spur had its origins in the title Count palatine of the Lateran Palace, which was in the gift of the Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century: Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor conferred the title on one Fenzio di Albertino di Prato, 15 August 1357, at Prague. The Order began to be associated with the inheritable patent of nobility in the form of count palatinate during the Renaissance; Emperor Frederick III named Baldo Bartolini, professor of civil law at the University of Perugia, a count palatinate in 1469, entitled in turn to confer university degrees. "Bartolini also received the Knighthood of the Golden Spur, a title that sometimes accompanied the office of count palatinate in the Renaissance", according to the historian of universities Paul F. Grendler; the Order of the Golden Spur, linked with the title of count palatinate, was widely conferred after the Sack of Rome, 1527, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; the text of surviving diplomas conferred hereditary nobility to the recipients. Among the recipients was Titian (1533), who had painted an equestrian portrait of Charles, and Niccolò Paganini by Pope Leo XII (1827). Close on the heels of the Emperor's death in 1558, its refounding in Papal hands is attributed to Pope Pius IV in 1559. After the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the winner of the title in Austria have been recognized as Knights (May 14, 1817), the leadership title "Knight of the Holy Roman Empire" was banned (10 April 1816, October 6, 1847). The award was presented to the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In England, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, a Knight Bachelor could be entitled "Eques auratus" (eq. aur.), for example, Thomas Bodley, Henry Spelman, Isaac Newton, and Christopher Wren. Originally, this was also associated with the award, the privilege to gild the armor. In 1748, Sweden established the Order of the Knights of the North Star, described as "De stella Eques auratus" such as Carl von Linné. The Holy Roman Empire's Order of the Golden Spur is often confused with the second highest order of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of the Golden Spur. (en)
- Kawaler Złotej Ostrogi (łac. equites aurati lub milites aurati) – tytuł honorowy był nadawany w XV-XVII w. w Świętym Cesarstwie Rzymskim, a także w innych krajach, m.in. w Polsce, zwykle z okazji koronacji monarchy. Stanowił niższy stopień szlachectwa osobistego, uprawniający posiadacza m.in. do posiadania herbu, noszenia miecza i ostróg oraz udziału w turniejach rycerskich. Sam zwyczaj ozdabiania złotą ostrogą jako ozdobą przy pasowaniu na rycerza istniał w Europie od XI w. Do nadawania tego tytułu byli uprawnieni w Świętym Cesarstwie także cesarscy urzędnicy, zwani nadwornymi palatynami (niem. Hofpfalzgraf). Cesarz Maksymilian w 1518 nadał głowom rodzin z rodu Jastrzębców (Bielawskim, Dzierzkowskim, Myszkowskim, Międzylewskim, Niemierowiczom i Szczytom) tytuł dziedzicznego palatyna (łac. comes palatinus) z prawem kreowania nowej szlachty w randze kawalera złotej ostrogi. Kawalerami Złotej Ostrogi nazywano również kawalerów Orderu Złotej Ostrogi (Złote rycerstwo, Złota Milicja, właściwie Zakon Złotej Ostrogi, łac. Ordo Militia Aurata) – orderu nadawany przez Stolicę Apostolską. (pl)
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- Die Ritter vom güldenen Sporn, lat. (Einzahl) eques auratus, seltener miles auratus (wörtlich: „vergoldeter“ oder „Gold geschmückter Ritter“, vollständig: eques auratus Sancti Romani Imperii), Mehrzahl equites oder milites aurati, waren im Heiligen Römischen Reich, durch den Herrscher zum Ritter erhobene Personen. Es handelte sich um eine Amtsträgerelite, die überwiegend aus Angehörigen des niederen Adels, aber auch aus Angehörigen des Bürgertums und des Hochadels bestand. (de)
- The Knights of the Golden Spur (Latin equites aurati Sancti Romani Imperii, literally "Golden Knights of the Holy Roman Empire"; short equites aurati or milites aurati, "golden [decorated] knights/soldiers") were a public official elite of the Holy Roman Empire which consisted mainly of members of the gentry, but also from members of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The term should not be confused with the English knight bachelor, who is frequently termed Eques Auratus in Latin monumental inscriptions, especially from the 17th century, denoting the privilege held by him of being allowed to gild his armour. (en)
- Kawaler Złotej Ostrogi (łac. equites aurati lub milites aurati) – tytuł honorowy był nadawany w XV-XVII w. w Świętym Cesarstwie Rzymskim, a także w innych krajach, m.in. w Polsce, zwykle z okazji koronacji monarchy. Stanowił niższy stopień szlachectwa osobistego, uprawniający posiadacza m.in. do posiadania herbu, noszenia miecza i ostróg oraz udziału w turniejach rycerskich. Sam zwyczaj ozdabiania złotą ostrogą jako ozdobą przy pasowaniu na rycerza istniał w Europie od XI w. (pl)
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