About: Kidinnu

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Kidinnu (also Kidunnu; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him Kidenas, Pliny the Elder Cidenas, and Vettius Valens Kidynas. Some cuneiform and classical Greek and Latin texts mention an astronomer with this name, but it is not clear if they all refer to the same individual: The following information is an excerpt of the overview of a century of scholarship in the sources referenced below.

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  • كيدينو (بالإنجليزية: Kidinnu)‏ أو كيديناس أو سيديناس (حوالي 343 ق.م) هو عالم فلك كلداني ولد ببابل. عاش في القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد.كان رئيساً للمدرسة الفلكية في شيبرا، اكتشف تبادر الاعتدالين، ووصف بطريقة رياضية حركات كل من القمر والكواكب، وقد تم إطلاق اسم كيدينو على إحدى مناطق الجانب الآخر من سطح القمر. (ar)
  • Kidinnu (auch Kidunnu, Kidenas, Cidenas, Kidynas, * möglicherweise um 400 v. Chr. in Babylon; † möglicherweise 14. August 330 v. Chr.) war ein chaldäischer Astronom und Mathematiker. Ein Astronom dieses Namens ist in verschiedenen antiken Keilschrift-, griechischen und lateinischen Schriften erwähnt, aber es ist unklar, ob sich diese alle auf dieselbe Person beziehen. Das Todesdatum 14. August 330 v. Chr. entstammt einer babylonischen astronomischen Keilschrifttafel, die angibt, dass "ki-di-nu an diesem Tag mit dem Schwert getötet wurde". Kidinnu war der bedeutendste Nachfolger von Nabu-rimanni und arbeitete wie dieser an der Entwicklung des exakten babylonischen Mondkalenders. (de)
  • Kidinnu, también llamado Cidenas en algunas fuentes, fue un astrónomo babilonio nacido hacia el 340 a. C. La astronomía babilónica, si bien no llegó a elaborar teorías complicadas como la griega, floreció mucho antes que esta. Sin embargo pocos son los nombres de ella de los que se tienen actualmente registros. Kidinnu es una de las pocas excepciones. Estrabón y Plinio el Viejo se referían a él como Kidenas o Cidenas. Fue el jefe de la escuela de astronomía de la ciudad babilónica de Sippar y desarrolló la teoría de precesión de los equinoccios, preparando el camino para la obra más exacta de Hiparco de Nicea. También ideó métodos para representar el movimiento irregular de la Luna y de otros cuerpos planetarios, llegando a aproximarse bastante a los movimientos reales. (es)
  • Kidinnu (also Kidunnu; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him Kidenas, Pliny the Elder Cidenas, and Vettius Valens Kidynas. Some cuneiform and classical Greek and Latin texts mention an astronomer with this name, but it is not clear if they all refer to the same individual: * The Greek geographer Strabo of Amaseia, in Geography 16.1.6, writes: "In Babylon a settlement is set apart for the local philosophers, the Chaldaeans, as they are called, who are concerned mostly with astronomy; but some of these, who are not approved of by the others, profess to be writers of horoscopes. (There is also a tribe of the Chaldaeans, and a territory inhabited by them, in the neighborhood of the Arabs and of the Persian Gulf, as it is called.) There are also several tribes of the Chaldaean astronomers. For example, some are called Orcheni [those from Uruk], others Borsippeni [those from Borsippa], and several others by different names, as though divided into different sects which hold to various dogmas about the same subjects. And the mathematicians make mention of some of these men; as, for example, Kidenas, Nabourianos and Soudines". * The Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder, in Natural History II.vi.39, writes that the planet Mercury can be viewed "sometimes before sunrise and sometimes after sunset, but according to Cidenas and Sosigenes never more than 22 degrees away from the sun". * The Roman astrologer Vettius Valens, in Anthology, says that he used Hipparchus for the Sun, Sudines and Kidynas and Apollonius for the Moon, and again Apollonius for both types (of eclipses, i.e. solar and lunar). * The Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy, in Almagest IV 2, discusses the duration and ratios of several periods related to the Moon, as known to "ancient astronomers" and "the Chaldeans" and improved by Hipparchus. He mentions (at H272) the equality of 251 (synodic) months to 269 returns in anomaly. In a preserved classical manuscript of the excerpt known as Handy Tables, an anonymous reader in the third century wrote the comment (a scholium) that Kidenas discovered this relation. * The colophon of two Babylonian System B lunar ephemerides from Babylon (see ACT 122 for 104–101 BC, and ACT 123a for an unknown year) say that they are the tersitu of Kidinnu. * A damaged cuneiform astronomical diary tablet from Babylon (Babylonian Chronicle 8: the Alexander Chronicle, BM 36304) mentions that "ki-di-nu was killed by the sword" on day 15 of probably the 5th month of that year, which has been dated as 14 August 330 BC, less than a year after Alexander the Great conquered Babylon. The following information is an excerpt of the overview of a century of scholarship in the sources referenced below. The meaning of tersitu is not known definitively. Already Franz Xaver Kugler proposed that the word can be interpreted here as "table"; in another context it seems to mean something like "tool", but in yet another it refers to a blue enamel paste. P. Schnabel, in a series of papers (1923–1927), interpreted the phrase as an assignment of authorship. He argued that Naburimannu developed the Babylonian System A of calculating Solar System ephemerides, and that later Kidinnu developed the Babylonian System B. A Greco-Roman tradition, mentioned above, attributes to Kidinnu the discovery that 251 synodic months equals 269 anomalistic months. This relationship is implicit in System B, and is therefore another reason to believe that Kidinnu was involved in developing the lunar theory of System B. However, the conclusion that Kidinnu is the main creator of System B is uncertain. Babylonian astronomers before Kidinnu's time apparently already knew the Saros cycle (old eclipse observations were collected in tables organised according to the Saros cycle since the late 5th century BC) and the Metonic cycle (the dates of the lunar calendar in the Saros tables follow a regular 19-year pattern of embolismic months at least since 498 BC); both cycles are also used in System B. Schnabel computed specific years (first 314 BC and later 379 BC) for the origin of the System B lunar theory, but Franz Xaver Kugler and Otto E. Neugebauer later disproved Schnabel's calculations. Schnabel also asserted that Kidinnu discovered precession when distinguishing between sidereal and tropical years; Neugebauer contested this and current scholarship considers this conclusion to be unfounded. The lunation length used in System B has also been attributed to Kidinnu. It is 29 days + 191 time degrees + 1/72 of a time degree ("barley corn") = 29d 31:50:8:20 (sexagesimal) = 29d + 12h + 793/1080h (Hebrew chelek) = 29.53059414...d. Being a rounded value in the archaic unit of "barley corns" it may be even more ancient. In any case, it is very accurate, within about ⅓ of a second per month. Hipparchus confirmed this value for the lunation length. Ptolemy accepted and used it, as mentioned above. Hillel first used it in the Hebrew calendar, and it has been used for that purpose ever since. The existing evidence makes it difficult to put Kidinnu at a time and place. Schnabel placed Kidinnu in Sippar, but Otto E. Neugebauer showed that Schnabel based this conclusion on a misreading of the cuneiform tablet. Classical sources like Strabo mention different "schools" and "doctrines" followed in different places (Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk). System A and B have been used contemporaneously, and tablets for both systems have been found in both Babylon and Uruk. Tablets based on System B, associated with Kidinnu, have been found mostly in Uruk, but the earlier tablets came predominantly from Babylon. The oldest preserved tablet using System B comes from Babylon and dates from 258 to 257 BC. This is in the Seleucid era, but it is plausible that the traditional Chaldean astronomical systems had been developed before the Hellenistic period. The Alexander chronicle mentioned above suggests that the famous astronomer Kidinnu died in Babylon in 330 BC, if it refers to the same Kidinnu who was mentioned on the ephemeris tablets centuries later. (en)
  • Kidinnu (ou Kidunnu) (IVe siècle av. J.-C., probablement mort le 14 août -330) est un mathématicien et astronome chaldéen, né à Babylone. Le géographe grec Strabon l'appelait Kidenas, Pline l'Ancien l'appelait Cidenas, et Vettius Valens l'appelait Kidynas : il s'agit d'adaptations du prénom selon la langue d'expression de l'auteur. (fr)
  • Kidinnu, o anche Cidena, (Babilonia o Sippar, 400 a.C. circa – forse 14 agosto 330 a.C.) è stato un astronomo, sacerdote e matematico babilonese. Strabone e Plinio il Vecchio si riferiscono a lui chiamandolo Kidenas o Cidenas. Kidinnu nacque a Babilonia. Era contemporaneo di Eudosso di Cnido e del suo studente Callippo di Cizico, e capo della scuola astronomica nella città mesopotamica di Sippar, in Accadia (ora Abu Habbah, a sudovest di Baghdad, in Iraq). È probabile che Kidinnu abbia sviluppato un complesso metodo e delle equazioni per calcolare i movimenti irregolari della Luna e degli altri pianeti, e specialmente del Sole. Poiché non era, come i Greci, convinto della velocità costante dei pianeti fu in grado di ottenere una buona approssimazione dei loro moti. Per il Sole, la velocità angolare apparente è minima in afelio, quando la Terra è più lontana. Partendo da questo dato Kidinnu sviluppò dal "Sistema A" di un metodo più preciso, oggi chiamato "Sistema B", utilizzato dagli astronomi caldei per descrivere più in dettaglio i moti planetari. Questo sistema utilizzava valori crescenti e decrescenti per fornire la posizione dei pianeti, e qualche volta viene chiamato funzione a zig-zag. Come lunghezza dell'anno tropico Kidinnu usava il valore di 365 g 6 h 13' e 43,4''. Attorno al 383 a.C. Kidinnu ottenne dei valori ancora più accurati dei moti lunari, calcolati prima di lui da Nabu-rimanni. Già da giovane aveva ipotizzato come lunghezza del mese sinodico il periodo di 29.530614d = 29 g 12 h 44' 3,3'', con un errore minore di 1s. Il valore classico di 29.53059414...d è attribuito a lui. Fu confermato poi da Ipparco ed utilizzato da Tolomeo e da astronomi successivi. Probabilmente introdusse anche il cosiddetto di 19 anni nel calendario babilonese. In questo sistema ogni anno aveva 12 mesi lunari, e 7 mesi extra venivano aggiunti nel corso dei 19 anni successivi per bilanciare la differenza tra anno solare e lunare. Il ciclo, con il valore del mese sinodico, fu utilizzato fino al 64 d.C. e poi adottato anche nel calendario Ebraico ed è rimasto in uso fino ad oggi. Gli astronomi caldei scoprirono anche i cambiamenti del diametro apparente della Luna. Avevano osservato che i valori variavano fra 29' 30" e 34' 16". I valori oggi riconosciuti sono tra 29' 30" e 32' 55", dunque estremamente simili a quelli dei babilonesi. Non è ancora stato scoperto se ai caldei fossero note anche le variazioni del diametro solare, che erano certamente conosciute da Sosigene di Alessandria. Attorno al 314 a.C. Kidinnu, ammesso che fosse ancora in vita, comprese che l'anno sidereo era più lungo dell'anno tropico, e poteva essere al corrente, seppur in modo vago, della precessione degli equinozi. Aprì la via agli accurati calcoli di Ipparco; sembra infatti che l'astronomo greco, che forse lavorò per qualche tempo a Babilonia attorno al 139 a.C., conoscesse il lavoro di Kidinnu. Anche Tolomeo fu influenzato dalle sue scoperte. Una tavoletta danneggiata in caratteri cuneiformi trovata a Babilonia dice che "ki-di-nu fu ucciso dalla spada" il quindicesimo giorno probabilmente del quinto mese di quell'anno, data che è stata identificata con il 14 agosto del 330 a.C., meno di un anno dopo la conquista di Babilonia da parte di Alessandro Magno. Non è certo se la tavoletta si riferisca proprio all'astronomo. (it)
  • Kidinnu, zwany również Kidenas lub Cidenas (żył około 379 p.n.e. w Babilonii) – astronom i matematyk, który odkrył precesję punktów równonocy oraz powolną rotację osi obrotu Ziemi. Kierując astronomiczną szkołą w Sippar, Kidinnu był prawdopodobnie odpowiedzialny za wprowadzenie w 383 p.n.e. 19-letniego cyklu kalendarza babilońskiego. W systemie tym każdy rok ma 12 miesięcy księżycowych, a 7 dodatkowych miesięcy wstawiono w pewnych odstępach czasu 19-letniego okresu. Cykl ten został przyjęty przez Żydów i używany jest również obecnie. Kidinnu opracował również bardziej wyrafinowany system (nazywany ) używanym przez Babilończyków do dokładniejszego opisywania ruchu Słońca i planet. System ten wykorzystał stale wzrastające i malejące wartości położenia planet, nazywane czasami . Obliczenia Kidinnu dotyczące długości miesiąca synodycznego (czasu od nowiu do nowiu) dały wartość 29,530614 dni, różniącą się o mniej niż 1 s od wartości przyjmowanej obecnie. Imię Kidinnu pojawia się na opracowanych przez niego tablicach obliczeniowych. Wspominają o nim też Pliniusz Starszy w Historii naturalnej (jako Cidenas) oraz Strabon w Geografii (jako Kidenas). (pl)
  • Кидинну (также Кидунну; древ.-греч. Киден) (время жизни IV век до н. э., вероятная дата смерти 14 августа 330 г. до н. э.) — эллинизированный халдейский (вавилонский) астроном и математик. Страбон и Плиний Старший называли его Киден (греч. Κιδενας/лат. Cidenas), а Веттий Валент Кидин. Некоторые клинописные и классические греческие и латинские тексты упоминают астронома с этим именем, но не всегда ясно, говорят ли они об одной и той же личности. (ru)
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  • كيدينو (بالإنجليزية: Kidinnu)‏ أو كيديناس أو سيديناس (حوالي 343 ق.م) هو عالم فلك كلداني ولد ببابل. عاش في القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد.كان رئيساً للمدرسة الفلكية في شيبرا، اكتشف تبادر الاعتدالين، ووصف بطريقة رياضية حركات كل من القمر والكواكب، وقد تم إطلاق اسم كيدينو على إحدى مناطق الجانب الآخر من سطح القمر. (ar)
  • Kidinnu (ou Kidunnu) (IVe siècle av. J.-C., probablement mort le 14 août -330) est un mathématicien et astronome chaldéen, né à Babylone. Le géographe grec Strabon l'appelait Kidenas, Pline l'Ancien l'appelait Cidenas, et Vettius Valens l'appelait Kidynas : il s'agit d'adaptations du prénom selon la langue d'expression de l'auteur. (fr)
  • Кидинну (также Кидунну; древ.-греч. Киден) (время жизни IV век до н. э., вероятная дата смерти 14 августа 330 г. до н. э.) — эллинизированный халдейский (вавилонский) астроном и математик. Страбон и Плиний Старший называли его Киден (греч. Κιδενας/лат. Cidenas), а Веттий Валент Кидин. Некоторые клинописные и классические греческие и латинские тексты упоминают астронома с этим именем, но не всегда ясно, говорят ли они об одной и той же личности. (ru)
  • Kidinnu (auch Kidunnu, Kidenas, Cidenas, Kidynas, * möglicherweise um 400 v. Chr. in Babylon; † möglicherweise 14. August 330 v. Chr.) war ein chaldäischer Astronom und Mathematiker. Ein Astronom dieses Namens ist in verschiedenen antiken Keilschrift-, griechischen und lateinischen Schriften erwähnt, aber es ist unklar, ob sich diese alle auf dieselbe Person beziehen. Das Todesdatum 14. August 330 v. Chr. entstammt einer babylonischen astronomischen Keilschrifttafel, die angibt, dass "ki-di-nu an diesem Tag mit dem Schwert getötet wurde". (de)
  • Kidinnu, también llamado Cidenas en algunas fuentes, fue un astrónomo babilonio nacido hacia el 340 a. C. La astronomía babilónica, si bien no llegó a elaborar teorías complicadas como la griega, floreció mucho antes que esta. Sin embargo pocos son los nombres de ella de los que se tienen actualmente registros. Kidinnu es una de las pocas excepciones. También ideó métodos para representar el movimiento irregular de la Luna y de otros cuerpos planetarios, llegando a aproximarse bastante a los movimientos reales. (es)
  • Kidinnu (also Kidunnu; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him Kidenas, Pliny the Elder Cidenas, and Vettius Valens Kidynas. Some cuneiform and classical Greek and Latin texts mention an astronomer with this name, but it is not clear if they all refer to the same individual: The following information is an excerpt of the overview of a century of scholarship in the sources referenced below. (en)
  • Kidinnu, o anche Cidena, (Babilonia o Sippar, 400 a.C. circa – forse 14 agosto 330 a.C.) è stato un astronomo, sacerdote e matematico babilonese. Strabone e Plinio il Vecchio si riferiscono a lui chiamandolo Kidenas o Cidenas. Kidinnu nacque a Babilonia. Era contemporaneo di Eudosso di Cnido e del suo studente Callippo di Cizico, e capo della scuola astronomica nella città mesopotamica di Sippar, in Accadia (ora Abu Habbah, a sudovest di Baghdad, in Iraq). Come lunghezza dell'anno tropico Kidinnu usava il valore di 365 g 6 h 13' e 43,4''. (it)
  • Kidinnu, zwany również Kidenas lub Cidenas (żył około 379 p.n.e. w Babilonii) – astronom i matematyk, który odkrył precesję punktów równonocy oraz powolną rotację osi obrotu Ziemi. Kierując astronomiczną szkołą w Sippar, Kidinnu był prawdopodobnie odpowiedzialny za wprowadzenie w 383 p.n.e. 19-letniego cyklu kalendarza babilońskiego. W systemie tym każdy rok ma 12 miesięcy księżycowych, a 7 dodatkowych miesięcy wstawiono w pewnych odstępach czasu 19-letniego okresu. Cykl ten został przyjęty przez Żydów i używany jest również obecnie. Kidinnu opracował również bardziej wyrafinowany system (nazywany ) używanym przez Babilończyków do dokładniejszego opisywania ruchu Słońca i planet. System ten wykorzystał stale wzrastające i malejące wartości położenia planet, nazywane czasami . Obliczenia Ki (pl)
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  • كيدينو (ar)
  • Kidinnu (de)
  • Kidinnu (es)
  • Kidinnu (fr)
  • Kidinnu (en)
  • Kidinnu (it)
  • Kidinnu (pl)
  • Kidinnu (astronoom) (nl)
  • Кидинну (ru)
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