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- Incense in China is traditionally used in a wide range of Chinese cultural activities including religious ceremonies, ancestor veneration, traditional medicine, and in daily life. Known as xiang (Chinese: 香; pinyin: xiāng; Wade–Giles: hsiang; lit. 'fragrance'), incense was used by the Chinese cultures starting from Neolithic times with it coming to greater prominence starting from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. One study shows that during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) there was increased trade and acquisitions of more fragrant foreign incense materials when local incense materials were considered "poor man's incense". It reached its height during the Song Dynasty with its nobility enjoying incense as a popular cultural pastime, to the extent of building rooms specifically for the use of incense ceremonies. Besides meaning "incense", the Chinese word xiang (香) also means "fragrance; scent; aroma; perfume; spice". The sinologist and historian Edward H. Schafer said that in medieval China: there was little clear-cut distinction among drugs, spices, perfumes, and incenses – that is, among substances which nourish the body and those which nourish the spirit, those which attract a lover and those which attract a divinity. — The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, a Study of T'ang Exotics, Edward H. Schafer (en)
- Dupa di Tiongkok secara tradisional digunakan dalam berbagai kegiatan kebudayaan Tionghoa termasuk upacara keagamaan, penghormatan leluhur, pengobatan tradisional, dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dikenal dengan nama xiang (Hanzi: 香; Pinyin: xiāng; Wade–Giles: hsiang; harfiah: 'wangi'), dupa digunakan oleh budaya Tionghoa mulai dari zaman Neolitikum dan semakin terkenal mulai dari Dinasti Xia, Shang, dan Zhou. Sebuah studi menunjukkan bahwa selama Dinasti Han (206 SM—220 M) ada peningkatan perdagangan dan pembelian bahan dupa luar negeri yang lebih harum ketika bahan dupa lokal dianggap "dupa orang miskin". Hal ini mencapai puncaknya pada masa Dinasti Song dengan para bangsawannya menikmati dupa sebagai sebuah hobi budaya yang populer, sampai-sampai membangun kamar khusus untuk penggunaan upacara dupa. Selain berarti "dupa", kata Tionghoa xiang (香) juga berarti "wangi; harum; aroma; parfum; rempah-rempah". Sinolog dan sejarawan mengatakan bahwa di Tiongkok abad pertengahan: (in)
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- Incense in China is traditionally used in a wide range of Chinese cultural activities including religious ceremonies, ancestor veneration, traditional medicine, and in daily life. Known as xiang (Chinese: 香; pinyin: xiāng; Wade–Giles: hsiang; lit. 'fragrance'), incense was used by the Chinese cultures starting from Neolithic times with it coming to greater prominence starting from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. — The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, a Study of T'ang Exotics, Edward H. Schafer (en)
- Dupa di Tiongkok secara tradisional digunakan dalam berbagai kegiatan kebudayaan Tionghoa termasuk upacara keagamaan, penghormatan leluhur, pengobatan tradisional, dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dikenal dengan nama xiang (Hanzi: 香; Pinyin: xiāng; Wade–Giles: hsiang; harfiah: 'wangi'), dupa digunakan oleh budaya Tionghoa mulai dari zaman Neolitikum dan semakin terkenal mulai dari Dinasti Xia, Shang, dan Zhou. Selain berarti "dupa", kata Tionghoa xiang (香) juga berarti "wangi; harum; aroma; parfum; rempah-rempah". Sinolog dan sejarawan mengatakan bahwa di Tiongkok abad pertengahan: (in)
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