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- Herbivores are dependent on plants for food, and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses against herbivory. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense have been likened to "offensive traits" and consist of those traits that allow for increased feeding and use of a host. Plants, on the other hand, protect their resources for use in growth and reproduction, by limiting the ability of herbivores to eat them. Relationships between herbivores and their host plants often results in reciprocal evolutionary change. When a herbivore eats a plant it selects for plants that can mount a defensive response, whether the response is incorporated biochemically or physically, or induced as a counterattack. In cases where this relationship demonstrates "specificity" (the evolution of each trait is due to the other), and "reciprocity" (both traits must evolve), the species are thought to have coevolved. The escape and radiation mechanisms for coevolution, presents the idea that adaptations in herbivores and their host plants, has been the driving force behind speciation. The coevolution that occurs between plants and herbivores that ultimately results in the speciation of both can be further explained by the Red Queen hypothesis. This hypothesis states that competitive success and failure evolve back and forth through organizational learning. The act of an organism facing competition with another organism ultimately leads to an increase in the organism's performance due to selection. This increase in competitive success then forces the competing organism to increase its performance through selection as well, thus creating an "arms race" between the two species. Herbivores evolve due to plant defenses because plants must increase their competitive performance first due to herbivore competitive success. (en)
- L'adaptation des herbivores à la défense des plantes est constituée d'un ensemble de caractères, parfois comparés à des « traits offensifs », qui permettent aux animaux herbivores et phytophages d'améliorer leur alimentation aux dépens de leur plantes-hôtes.Les herbivores sont en effet dépendants des plantes pour leur alimentation et ont développé des mécanismes coévolutifs pour obtenir cette nourriture malgré l'évolution d'un arsenal diversifié chez les plantes.Les plantes pour leur part protègent leurs ressources propres pour assurer leur croissance et leur reproduction, en limitant la capacité des herbivores à les manger. (fr)
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- L'adaptation des herbivores à la défense des plantes est constituée d'un ensemble de caractères, parfois comparés à des « traits offensifs », qui permettent aux animaux herbivores et phytophages d'améliorer leur alimentation aux dépens de leur plantes-hôtes.Les herbivores sont en effet dépendants des plantes pour leur alimentation et ont développé des mécanismes coévolutifs pour obtenir cette nourriture malgré l'évolution d'un arsenal diversifié chez les plantes.Les plantes pour leur part protègent leurs ressources propres pour assurer leur croissance et leur reproduction, en limitant la capacité des herbivores à les manger. (fr)
- Herbivores are dependent on plants for food, and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses against herbivory. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense have been likened to "offensive traits" and consist of those traits that allow for increased feeding and use of a host. Plants, on the other hand, protect their resources for use in growth and reproduction, by limiting the ability of herbivores to eat them. Relationships between herbivores and their host plants often results in reciprocal evolutionary change. When a herbivore eats a plant it selects for plants that can mount a defensive response, whether the response is incorporated biochemically or physically, or induced as a counterattack. In cases where this relationship demon (en)
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- Herbivore adaptations to plant defense (en)
- Adaptation des herbivores aux défenses des plantes (fr)
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