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- Das politische System der DDR war eine Diktatur ohne eine tatsächliche Gewaltenteilung. Sie vereinigte die Eigenschaften des realen Sozialismus mit den Prinzipien des so genannten Demokratischen Zentralismus. Die politische Macht war nicht auf verschiedene Träger verteilt. Unter Widerspruch zu Artikel 5 Satz 3 der Verfassung der DDR ging sie stattdessen für die gesamte Zeit ihrer Existenz von dem umfassend und unkontrolliert herrschenden Führungs- und Herrschaftszentrum der DDR aus, dem Politbüro des Zentralkomitees der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), das ebendieser marxistisch-leninistischen Partei vorstand, welche ihrerseits (durch Artikel 1 der Verfassung der DDR) einen Alleinführungsanspruch für alle Bereiche der DDR erhob. Die Deutsche Demokratische Republik war im Selbstverständnis ein sozialistischer Staat und verwirklichte die Grundprinzipien einer Volksrepublik. Da die Regierungsform durch die Herrschaft einer Partei, der so genannten Staatspartei, geprägt wurde, spricht man bei der DDR auch von einer Parteidiktatur. (de)
- La República Democrática Alemana (RDA) fue fundada oficialmente el 7 de octubre de 1949, en el territorio alemán ocupado por la URSS tras el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (es)
- The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), commonly known in English as East Germany) was created as a socialist republic on 7 October 1949 and began to institute a government based on the government of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. The equivalent of the Communist Party in East Germany was the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED), which along with other parties, was part of the National Front of Democratic Germany. It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany. Following German reunification, the SED was renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which eventually merged with the West German Electoral Alternative for Labor and Social Justice to form the modern Left Party. The other political parties ran under the joint slate of the National Front, controlled by the SED, for elections to the Volkskammer, the East German parliament. The other parties were: 1.
* Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU), merged with the West German CDU after reunification 2.
* Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany, DBD), merged with the West German CDU after reunification 3.
* Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, LDPD), merged with the West German FDP after reunification 4.
* Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany, NDPD), merged with the West German FDP after reunification The purpose of the National Front was to give the impression that the GDR was a democracy governed by a broad-based coalition. In fact, all parties and mass organizations were subservient to the SED, and had to officially accept the SED's leading role as a condition of their existence. The other purpose was to catch parts of society that would ordinarily not be represented by the SED, a nominal workers party. For example, the CDU was directed to the large number Christians in the GDR, the NDPD was designed to catch former NSDAP members and so on. All of these parties were subservient to the SED, which per the GDRs constitution was the ruling party. All decisions, in practice, were made by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, with the Central Committee of the SED and the Volkskammer rubber-stamping its decisions and the Council of Ministers of East Germany implementing them. In elections, voters only had the option of approving or rejecting a single "united list" of NF candidates. Elections were not secret and voters that rejected the National Front list or struck candidates from the list faced consequences. Two of the block parties were formerly independent (CDU and LDPD/LDP) and two others were established on the instigation of the SED (NDPD and DBD). The Volkskammer also included representatives from the mass organisations like the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ), or the Free German Trade Union Federation. In an attempt to include women in the political life in East Germany, there was even a Democratic Women's Federation of Germany with seats in the Volkskammer. The SED members on the list were always the majority because many candidates of the mass organizations were also SED members. Non-parliamentary mass organizations which nevertheless played a key role in East German society included the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund or DTSB) and People's Solidarity (Volkssolidarität, an organisation for the elderly). Another society of note was the Society for German-Soviet Friendship. (en)
- La Repubblica Democratica Tedesca venne creata come una repubblica socialista il 7 ottobre 1949 ed iniziò ad istituire un governo su imitazione di quello dell'Unione Sovietica. L'equivalente partito comunista nella Germania Orientale era il Partito Socialista Unificato di Germania (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands o SED), che assieme ad altri partiti costituiva il Fronte Nazionale. Fu creato nel 1946 dall'unione del Partito Comunista di Germania (KPD) con il Partito Socialdemocratico (SPD) all'interno della zona di occupazione sovietica. Dopo la riunificazione tedesca, la SED venne rinominata in Partito del Socialismo Democratico (PDS). Gli altri partiti politici si candidavano sotto la lista comune del Fronte Nazionale, controllato dalla SED, per le elezioni della Volkskammer, il parlamento tedesco orientale. I partiti erano: 1.
* Unione Cristiano Democratica di Germania (Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU), confluito nel CDU occidentale dopo la riunificazione 2.
* Partito Democratico Rurale di Germania (Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands DBD), unitosi con il CDU dopo la riunificazione 3.
* Partito Liberal Democratico di Germania (Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands, LDPD), confluito nel Partito Liberal Democratico occidentale 4.
* Partito Nazional-Democratico di Germania (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NDPD), confluito nel FDP. Le elezioni venivano sì organizzate ma erano controllate in realtà dalla SED e dalla gerarchia statale, come aveva fatto notare Hans Modrow e altri. La Volkskammer includeva rappresentanti provenienti da organizzazioni di massa come la Libera Gioventù Tedesca (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ), o la Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Nel tentativo di includere le donne all'interno della vita politica della RDT, esisteva anche la Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands con alcuni seggi nella Volkskammer. Tra le organizzazioni di massa extra-parlamentari che ebbero un ruolo chiave nella società tedesca orientale furono la (DTSB) e la . Un'altra società molto popolare negli anni ottanta era la Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft, per la promozione di un rapporto di amicizia tra la RDT e l'Unione Sovietica. Il 18 marzo 1990, furono organizzate le uniche elezioni libere nella storia dell RDT, portando ad un governo il cui principale obiettivo era quello di negoziare la riunificazione tedesca e porre fine alla Repubblica Democratica Tedesca. (it)
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- La República Democrática Alemana (RDA) fue fundada oficialmente el 7 de octubre de 1949, en el territorio alemán ocupado por la URSS tras el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (es)
- Das politische System der DDR war eine Diktatur ohne eine tatsächliche Gewaltenteilung. Sie vereinigte die Eigenschaften des realen Sozialismus mit den Prinzipien des so genannten Demokratischen Zentralismus. Die politische Macht war nicht auf verschiedene Träger verteilt. Unter Widerspruch zu Artikel 5 Satz 3 der Verfassung der DDR ging sie stattdessen für die gesamte Zeit ihrer Existenz von dem umfassend und unkontrolliert herrschenden Führungs- und Herrschaftszentrum der DDR aus, dem Politbüro des Zentralkomitees der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), das ebendieser marxistisch-leninistischen Partei vorstand, welche ihrerseits (durch Artikel 1 der Verfassung der DDR) einen Alleinführungsanspruch für alle Bereiche der DDR erhob. (de)
- The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), commonly known in English as East Germany) was created as a socialist republic on 7 October 1949 and began to institute a government based on the government of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. The equivalent of the Communist Party in East Germany was the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED), which along with other parties, was part of the National Front of Democratic Germany. It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany. Following German reunification, the SED was renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which eventually m (en)
- La Repubblica Democratica Tedesca venne creata come una repubblica socialista il 7 ottobre 1949 ed iniziò ad istituire un governo su imitazione di quello dell'Unione Sovietica. L'equivalente partito comunista nella Germania Orientale era il Partito Socialista Unificato di Germania (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands o SED), che assieme ad altri partiti costituiva il Fronte Nazionale. Fu creato nel 1946 dall'unione del Partito Comunista di Germania (KPD) con il Partito Socialdemocratico (SPD) all'interno della zona di occupazione sovietica. Dopo la riunificazione tedesca, la SED venne rinominata in Partito del Socialismo Democratico (PDS). (it)
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