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- The Cossack riots were pogroms carried out against the Jews of modern Ukraine during the 1648 uprising of the Cossacks and serfs led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky (or the "Hamil of Evil" as he was called by the Jews) against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Massacres of the Jews of Poland, Belarus, and today's Ukraine occurred throughout the rebellion, which lasted for many years and during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667) and the small northern war with the Swedish Empire that ignited them. Nevertheless, the sudden destruction of many communities from the beginning of April–May 1648, until the cessation of the Cossacks' progress in November of that year, is the named source. According to the historian Adam Teller: "In the Jewish collective memory, the events in the summer and autumn of 1648 define the uprising in general, and therefore the riots were known as the 1648s." Thousands were slaughtered or died of starvation and epidemics, and many others fled, were sold into slavery, or converted. The number of Jews killed by the Cossack rebels in 1648 was estimated at several thousand to 20,000. It is estimated that all the parties - the Cossacks, the Russians, the Swedes, their allies, and the Poles themselves, who massacred Jews on suspicion of collaborating with the invaders - killed between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews in total over this period. (en)
- «Гзерот тах-тат» (івр. גזֵרות ת"ח–ת"ט, злі декрети (5)408-(5)409) — події часів Хмельниччини, коли відбувались вбивства та насильство, направлені проти єврейського населення. Внаслідок трагедії була знищена найбільша на той час єврейська спільнота в світі та отримали поштовх релігійно-містичні течії юдаїзму: саббатіанство, франкізм, хасидизм. (uk)
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- The Abyss of Despair , chapter IV (en)
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- "many communities beyond the Dnieper, and close to the battle field, such as Pereyaslaw, Baryszowka, Piratyn, and Boryspole, Lubin and Lachowce and their neighbors, who were unable to escape, perished for the sanctification of His Name. These persons died cruel and bitter deaths. Some were skinned alive and their flesh was thrown to the dogs; some had their hands and limbs chopped off, and their bodies thrown on the highway only to be trampled by wagons and crushed by horses; some had wounds inflicted upon them, and thrown on the street to die a slow death; they writhed in their blood until they breathed their last; others were buried alive. The enemy slaughtered infants in the laps of their mothers. They were sliced into pieces like fish. They slashed the bellies of pregnant women, removed their infants and tossed them in their faces. Some women had their bellies torn open and live cats placed in them. The bellies were then sewed up with the living cats remaining within. They chopped off the hands of the victims so that they would not be able to remove the cats from the bellies. The infants were hung on the breasts of their mothers. Some children were pierced with spears, roasted on the fire and then brought to their mothers to be eaten. Many times they used the bodies of Jewish children as improvised bridges upon which they later crossed. There was no cruel device of murder in the whole world that was not perpetrated by the enemies." (en)
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- «Гзерот тах-тат» (івр. גזֵרות ת"ח–ת"ט, злі декрети (5)408-(5)409) — події часів Хмельниччини, коли відбувались вбивства та насильство, направлені проти єврейського населення. Внаслідок трагедії була знищена найбільша на той час єврейська спільнота в світі та отримали поштовх релігійно-містичні течії юдаїзму: саббатіанство, франкізм, хасидизм. (uk)
- The Cossack riots were pogroms carried out against the Jews of modern Ukraine during the 1648 uprising of the Cossacks and serfs led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky (or the "Hamil of Evil" as he was called by the Jews) against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Massacres of the Jews of Poland, Belarus, and today's Ukraine occurred throughout the rebellion, which lasted for many years and during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667) and the small northern war with the Swedish Empire that ignited them. Nevertheless, the sudden destruction of many communities from the beginning of April–May 1648, until the cessation of the Cossacks' progress in November of that year, is the named source. According to the historian Adam Teller: "In the Jewish collective memory, the events in the summer and autumn of 1648 de (en)
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- Cossack riots (en)
- Гзерот тах-тат (uk)
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