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- Als Sicherheitsfilm oder Acetatfilm (Kennungen: non flam, de sécurité, safety oder safety film) bezeichnet man einen Kino- oder fotografischen Film mit Cellon als Träger der Bildschicht. Er ist schwerer entflammbar als ein Film mit Zelluloid als Schicht-Träger (Zelluloidfilm). Cellon ist ein Produkt aus Celluloseacetat. (de)
- Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers and intended as a safe film base replacement for unstable and highly flammable nitrate film. Cellulose diacetate film was first created by the German chemists Arthur Eichengrün and Theodore Becker, who patented it under the name Cellit, from a process they devised in 1901 for the direct acetylation of cellulose at a low temperature to prevent its degradation, which permitted the degree of acetylation to be controlled, thereby avoiding total conversion to its triacetate. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing. A cellulose diacetate film more readily dissolved in acetone was developed by the American chemist George Miles in 1904. Miles's process (partially hydrolysing the polymer) was employed commercially for photographic film in 1909 by Eastman Kodak and the Pathé Frères. Starting with cellulose diacetate, this innovation continued with and cellulose acetate butyrate in the 1930s, and finally in the late 1940s, cellulose triacetate was introduced, alongside polyester bases. These less flammable substitutes for nitrate film were called safety film. In 1910, a new, patented, non-inflammable, film format 'BOROID' was presented to the British cinematographic trade using acetate-based cellulose. It was developed, he claimed 'accidentally', by the prolific inventor Benno Borzykowski, a partner in Photochemie G.m.b.H. Berlin, and Director of the Benobor Syndicate, who had worked on other patents for artificial silk and other fabrics. BOROID was a by-product of that work. Borzykowski but was not patented. Borzykowski published other UK patents including "Original printed patent application number 21,719 for a new or improved process for the production of a substitute for glass sheets or plates and other articles." in 1910. The Boroid company commenced trading on 21 November 1910, being originally registered in London at 58 Coleman St., moving to 104 High Holborn in May 1911, and finally to 48 Rupert St. in June 1913.Boroid Ltd. issued its detailed share prospectus in the (Westminster Gazette of Monday 16 January 1911 (P12 col. 1 and 2): A number of testimonials were provided, including a very detailed one from Alfred J West F.R.G.S. of 'Our Navy', in which he proposed to move his entire production to 'non-flam' BOROID film: 'BOROID' had most of its assets in Germany, and the Great War of 1914-1919 put an immediate end to the business in the UK when BOROID film stock became unavailable. A Receiver was appointed by the debenture holders on 12 May 1914 (The London Project). Borzykowski moved to America and was interviewed in an article in the Educational Film Magazine in the April 1919 edition (p. 22-25. p. 136 in the linked PDF file) The motion picture industry continued to use cellulose nitrate supports until the introduction of cellulose triacetate in 1948, which met the rigorous safety and performance standards set by the cinematographic industry. The chemical instability of cellulose acetate material, unrecognized at the time of its introduction, has since become a major threat for film archives and collections. (en)
- Scannán fótagrafach leis an eibleacht ag clúdach bunscannáin de thrí-aicéatáit cheallalóis nó poileistear, nach ndónn ach go mall agus nach bhfuil inlasta ach ar éigin. Malairt ar níotráit cheallalóis, atá fíorbhaolach inlasta agus a bhí in úsáid roimh 1950. (ga)
- 安全フィルム（英語：Safety film、セーフティーフィルムとも）は、写真フィルムの一種。映画フィルム上に映像を記録する感光乳剤をアセチルセルロース、トリアセチルセルロース、あるいはポリエステルに接着したフィルム・ストックのこと。これらは、すべて可燃性が低く、もし着火したとしてもゆっくり燃える。 1940年代までに映画用あるいは写真用に使われていたナイトレートフィルムは、ベースにニトロセルロースを使っていたため、常温でも非常に燃えやすく不安定であった。そのため、初期の映画の多くは、燃えたり腐食したりして永久に失われた。日本でもフィルムセンター火災により映像ライブラリが痛手を負っている。 (ja)
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- Als Sicherheitsfilm oder Acetatfilm (Kennungen: non flam, de sécurité, safety oder safety film) bezeichnet man einen Kino- oder fotografischen Film mit Cellon als Träger der Bildschicht. Er ist schwerer entflammbar als ein Film mit Zelluloid als Schicht-Träger (Zelluloidfilm). Cellon ist ein Produkt aus Celluloseacetat. (de)
- Scannán fótagrafach leis an eibleacht ag clúdach bunscannáin de thrí-aicéatáit cheallalóis nó poileistear, nach ndónn ach go mall agus nach bhfuil inlasta ach ar éigin. Malairt ar níotráit cheallalóis, atá fíorbhaolach inlasta agus a bhí in úsáid roimh 1950. (ga)
- 安全フィルム（英語：Safety film、セーフティーフィルムとも）は、写真フィルムの一種。映画フィルム上に映像を記録する感光乳剤をアセチルセルロース、トリアセチルセルロース、あるいはポリエステルに接着したフィルム・ストックのこと。これらは、すべて可燃性が低く、もし着火したとしてもゆっくり燃える。 1940年代までに映画用あるいは写真用に使われていたナイトレートフィルムは、ベースにニトロセルロースを使っていたため、常温でも非常に燃えやすく不安定であった。そのため、初期の映画の多くは、燃えたり腐食したりして永久に失われた。日本でもフィルムセンター火災により映像ライブラリが痛手を負っている。 (ja)
- Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers and intended as a safe film base replacement for unstable and highly flammable nitrate film. (en)
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