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- The idea of "Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application" (simplified Chinese: 中体西用; traditional Chinese: 中體西用; pinyin: zhōngtǐ xīyòng) was initially proposed by Feng Guifen in his Xiaopinlu kangyi (Protests from the cottage of Feng Guifen), written in 1861 after the Second Opium War. At the time, leading Chinese thinkers were interrogating how to approach the threat posed by encroaching Western states. Feng argued for China's self-strengthening and industrialization by borrowing Western technology and military systems, while retaining core Neo-Confucian principles. These ideas were further elaborated on by Zhang Zhidong in 1898 in his book Quanxue pian as "Traditional (Chinese) learning as substance, New (Western) learning as application" (“舊學為體，新學為用”). “Zhongti xiyong” became a popular slogan used in the late Qing Reforms, including the Self-Strengthening Movement and Hundred Days' Reform. The concept was widespread among intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th century, and it remains relevant in the modern studies of China-West cultural relationship. (en)
- 중체서용(中體西用)는 19세기 후반 청나라 말기에 전개된 양무운동의 슬로건이다. 중체(中體)는 중국의 몸통(中體)으로, 서양을 이용한다(西用)를 의미한다. 즉, 부국강병을 위해 중국의 전통체제를 유지한 채, 서양의 기술만을 받아들이자“는 것으로, 변법자강운동과 비교된다. 제2차 아편 전쟁 이후 1861년 쓰여진 풍계분의 《교빈려항의》(校邠廬抗議)에서 최초로 주창한 내용이다. (ko)
- 中体西用（ちゅうたいせいよう）は、中国清代末期・19世紀後半に展開された洋務運動のスローガン。「体」と「用」は中国古来からの哲学概念であり、「体」は「本体」、「用」は「作用」を意味する。 (ja)
- 中体西用是指在清朝末年间的洋务运动所主张的基本思想。是指以中国传统的思想、文化、制度为根基，引进并应用西方先进的科学和技术的想法。这一思想也陈述为“中學為體，西學為用”。 (zh)
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- Ding2007 (en)
- refFang1987 (en)
- refIp1991 (en)
- refPohl2018 (en)
- refYan1902 (en)
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- Pohl, Karl-Heinz. "’Western Learning for Substance, Chinese Learning for Application’ – Li Zehou’s Thought on Tradition and Modernity." In Li Zehou and Confucian philosophy, ed.Ames, Roger T, and Jinhua Jia. Honolulu Hawaii, University of Hawaii press, 2018. (en)
- Ip,Hung-Yok . "Liang Shuming and the Idea of Democracy in Modern China", Modern China, vol. 17 no. 4 (en)
- Yan,Fu .与主人书. (en)
- Ding, Weizhi . “中体西用”论在戊戌维新时期的嬗变, 中华文史网. (en)
- Fang, Keli. ""Ping 'Zhongti Xiyong' he 'Xiti Zhongyong'" 评'中体西用'和'西体中用' in Zhang Liwen 张立文 et al. , Chuantong wenhua yu xiandaihua 传统文化与现 代化 , Peking, 1987. (en)
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- 중체서용(中體西用)는 19세기 후반 청나라 말기에 전개된 양무운동의 슬로건이다. 중체(中體)는 중국의 몸통(中體)으로, 서양을 이용한다(西用)를 의미한다. 즉, 부국강병을 위해 중국의 전통체제를 유지한 채, 서양의 기술만을 받아들이자“는 것으로, 변법자강운동과 비교된다. 제2차 아편 전쟁 이후 1861년 쓰여진 풍계분의 《교빈려항의》(校邠廬抗議)에서 최초로 주창한 내용이다. (ko)
- 中体西用（ちゅうたいせいよう）は、中国清代末期・19世紀後半に展開された洋務運動のスローガン。「体」と「用」は中国古来からの哲学概念であり、「体」は「本体」、「用」は「作用」を意味する。 (ja)
- 中体西用是指在清朝末年间的洋务运动所主张的基本思想。是指以中国传统的思想、文化、制度为根基，引进并应用西方先进的科学和技术的想法。这一思想也陈述为“中學為體，西學為用”。 (zh)
- The idea of "Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application" (simplified Chinese: 中体西用; traditional Chinese: 中體西用; pinyin: zhōngtǐ xīyòng) was initially proposed by Feng Guifen in his Xiaopinlu kangyi (Protests from the cottage of Feng Guifen), written in 1861 after the Second Opium War. At the time, leading Chinese thinkers were interrogating how to approach the threat posed by encroaching Western states. Feng argued for China's self-strengthening and industrialization by borrowing Western technology and military systems, while retaining core Neo-Confucian principles. These ideas were further elaborated on by Zhang Zhidong in 1898 in his book Quanxue pian as "Traditional (Chinese) learning as substance, New (Western) learning as application" (“舊學為體，新學為用”). “Zhongti xiyong (en)
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- Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application (en)
- 중체서용 (ko)
- 中体西用 (ja)
- 中体西用 (zh)
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