| p:abstract
| - ProDOS (the Professional Disk Operating System) became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983. ProDOS was released to address shortcomings in the earlier Apple operating system, which was beginning to show its age. DOS only had built-in support for 5.25" floppy disks and required patches to use peripheral devices such as hard disk drives and non-Disk II floppy disk drives, including 3.5" floppy drives. ProDOS added a standard method of accessing ROM-based drivers on expansion cards for disk devices, expanded the maximum volume size from about 400 kilobytes to 32 megabytes, and introduced support for hierarchical subdirectories, a vital feature for organizing a hard disk's storage space. ProDOS also addressed earlier DOS issues with hardware interrupts and included a well-defined and documented programming and expansion interface, which DOS had always lacked, and added support for a real-time clock, though this did not become a standard hardware feature of the Apple II until the release of the Apple II. ProDOS also supported a RAM disk on machines with 128K or more of RAM. ProDOS, unlike earlier Apple DOS versions, had its developmental roots in SOS, the operating system for the ill-fated Apple III computer released in 1980. Pre-release documentation for ProDOS documented SOS error codes, notably one for switched disks, that ProDOS itself could never generate. Its disk format and programming interface were completely different from those of DOS, and ProDOS could not read or write DOS 3.3 disks except by means of a conversion utility; while the low-level track-and-sector format of DOS 3.3 disks was retained for 5.25 inch disks, the high-level arrangement of files and directories was completely different. For this reason, most machine-language programs that ran under DOS would not work under ProDOS. However, most BASIC programs would work, though they sometimes required minor changes. A program called DOS. MASTER enabled users to have multiple virtual DOS 3.3 partitions on a larger ProDOS volume. The enhanced feature set of ProDOS meant that the operating system required a minimum of 64K RAM . The Apple IIe, also released in 1983, was the first Apple II computer to have this amount of memory built in. For a while, Apple shipped both DOS and ProDOS with new computers. With the release of ProDOS came the end of support for Integer BASIC and the original Apple II model, which had long since been effectively supplanted by Applesoft BASIC and the Apple II Plus. Whereas DOS 3.3 included built-in support for BASIC programming, under ProDOS this job was given to a separate program called BASIC. System, which one launched to run and write Applesoft BASIC programs. BASIC itself continued to be built into the Apple ROMs; BASIC. System was merely a command interpreter that allowed BASIC programs to access ProDOS by means of the same "print Control-D" method they had used under DOS 3.3. BASIC. System alone required about as much memory as the whole of DOS 3.3. Since the ProDOS kernel itself was stowed away in the "Language Card RAM", the usable amount of RAM for BASIC programmers remained the same under ProDOS as it had been under DOS 3.3. Despite ProDOS's many advantages, many users and programmers resisted it for a time because of their investment in learning the ins and outs of DOS and in DOS-based software and data formats. But Apple's integrated software package AppleWorks, released in 1984, proved a compelling reason to switch, and by the end of 1985 few new software products were being released for the older operating system. Apple IIs continued to be able to boot DOS but as 3.5" floppies and hard disks became more prevalent, most users spent the bulk of their time in ProDOS. ProDOS was renamed ProDOS 8 when ProDOS 16 was released to support the 16-bit Apple II computer, although ProDOS 16 was soon replaced by GS/OS. Apple II computers with a 65C02 or later processor can run ProDOS 8 version 2.0 or later, which is included on Apple II System Disk 4.0 or later; the utility programs on that disk add the additional requirement of at least 128KB of RAM. Systems with a 6502 must use ProDOS 8 versions prior to version 2.0. ProDOS system disk images can be downloaded legally from a number of user group web sites. It can also be purchased on disk from Syndicomm, which distributes it under license from Apple Computer. (en)
- ProDOS, acronimo di Professional Disk Operating System (Sistema Operarativo Professionale su Disco), è stato il sistema operativo più popolare per la serie di computer Apple II e è stato rilasciato nel 1983. ProDOS fu sviluppato da Apple specificamente per gestire le periferiche come gli hard disk e i floppy disk di terze parti. ProDOS ha risolto alcuni problemi presenti nell'Apple DOS 3.x come la problematica gestione degli interrupt hardware, la difficoltà di gestire zone di memoria protette e ha introdotto delle funzioni specifiche per la personalizzazione della macchina. Con il rilascio del ProDOS è terminato anche il supporto del BASIC integrato che è stato sostituito nel 1983 dall'AppleSoft BASIC. ProDOS, a differenza del Apple DOS 3.x ha prodotto delle varianti. Una di queste era dedicata al recupero del sistema operativo in caso di guasto, un'altra era la base del sistema operativo, del "fratello" Apple III rilasciato nel 1980. Successivamente ProDOS venne rinominato ProDOS 8. ProDOS 16 venne riscritto per supportare il nuovo computer Apple IIgs, anche se in seguito venne sostituito dal GS/OS. (it)
- Apple ProDOS ist ein Betriebssystem für Computer der Apple-II-Baureihe. Es wurde in Version 1.0 im Oktober 1983 als Ersatz für Apple DOS 3.3 von Apple Computer herausgegeben, basierte aber stärker auf Apple SOS als auf Apple DOS.Für BASIC-Programmierer änderte sich im Vergleich zu Apple DOS relativ wenig (einige neue Befehle), auch wenn der innere Aufbau des Systems ein ganz anderer war. Das neue Betriebssystem gab aber nun auch Assemblersprache-Programmierern bessere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten zur Hand, da es eine einheitliche Einsprungadresse mit allen nötigen Parametern bot – eine Technik, wie sie heute bei allen Betriebssystemen gängig ist. Programmierer, die Assemblersprache verwendeten, konnten sich damit auf einen Standard stützen, statt wie bisher das DOS 3.3 auf nicht dokumentierte Weise zu manipulieren und dabei immer Inkompatibilität mit zukünftigen Versionen zu riskieren. Weiterhin waren eine bessere Interrupt-Behandlung und ein schnellerer Diskettenzugriff gegeben. Die einzige wesentliche Eigenschaft von Apple DOS, die in ProDOS nicht beibehalten wurde, war dessen Unterstützung für das älteste Apple II-Modell und für die veraltete Integer-BASIC-Programmiersprache dieses Modells; es war also nun mindestens ein Apple II+ bzw. Apple II europlus erforderlich, außer man wollte überhaupt keine BASIC-Programme benutzen. Auch der Arbeitsspeicher-Bedarf von ProDOS war höher; lief DOS schon ab 20 KB RAM, so benötigte ProDOS für Maschinenspracheprogramme 48 KB, für die Nutzung zusammen mit BASIC 64 KB RAM. Ein Speicher von 64 KB war aber 1983 praktisch bei allen noch laufenden Apple-II-Rechnern durch Nachrüstung bereits gegeben. Abgesehen davon hatte Apple ProDOS ein relativ hochentwickeltes hierarchisches Dateisystem mit Eigenschaften wie multiplen logischen Laufwerken auf einem physischen Laufwerk, Unterstützung von bis zu 20 verschiedenen Dateitypen und 8 gleichzeitig geöffneten Dateien. Auch wurden jetzt nicht mehr nur 140 KB 5¼-Zoll-Disketten, sondern auch Festplatten mit bis zu 32 MB je Partition unterstützt. Alle Laufwerke außer den überkommenen 5¼-Zoll-Diskettenstationen enthielten jetzt jeweils einen eigenen, standardisierten Treiber in der Firmware ihrer jeweiligen Adapterkarten, wodurch später ohne weitere Modifikation des ProDOS-Kerns auch verschiedene 3½-Zoll-Diskettenlaufwerke und CD-ROM-Laufwerke unter ProDOS nutzbar wurden. Als der 16-bittige Apple IIgs herauskam, teilte sich Apple ProDOS in die Zweige Apple ProDOS 8 und Apple ProDOS 16 (für 16-Bit Mikroprozessoren). Letzteres wurde aber schon bald von dem grafischen Betriebssystem GS/OS verdrängt. Die letzte erschienene Version von Apple ProDOS 8 ist die 2.0.3 vom Mai 1993. Sie verlangt mindestens einen Apple IIc oder einen „enhanced“ Apple IIe, die mitgelieferten Utility-Programme verlangen zudem mindestens 128 KB Speicher. Auf dem Apple II+ und dem nicht-„enhanced“ IIe läuft maximal die Version 1.9. (de)
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| rdfs:comment
| - ProDOS (the Professional Disk Operating System) became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983. ProDOS was released to address shortcomings in the earlier Apple operating system, which was beginning to show its age. DOS only had built-in support for 5.25" floppy disks and required patches to use peripheral devices such as hard disk drives and non-Disk II floppy disk drives, including 3.5" floppy drives. ProDOS added a standard method of accessing ROM-based drivers on expansion cards for disk devices, expanded the maximum volume size from about 400 kilobytes to 32 megabytes, and introduced support for hierarchical subdirectories, a vital feature for organizing a hard disk's storage space. ProDOS also addressed earlier DOS issues with hardware interrupts and included a well-defined and documented programming and expansion interface, which DOS had always lacked, and added support for a real-time clock, though this did not become a standard hardware feature of the Apple II until the release of the Apple II. ProDOS also supported a RAM disk on machines with 128K or more of RAM. (en)
- ProDOS, acronimo di Professional Disk Operating System (Sistema Operarativo Professionale su Disco), è stato il sistema operativo più popolare per la serie di computer Apple II e è stato rilasciato nel 1983. (it)
- Apple ProDOS ist ein Betriebssystem für Computer der Apple-II-Baureihe. (de)
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