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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Peruvian_nitrate_monopoly
rdfs:label
Peruvian nitrate monopoly Monopolio peruano del salitre
rdfs:comment
The Peruvian nitrate monopoly was a state-owned enterprise over the mining and sale of saltpeter (sodium nitrate) created by the government of Peru in 1875 and operated by the . Peru intended for the monopoly to capitalize on the world market's high demand for nitrates, thereby increasing the country's fiscal revenues and supplementing the financial role that guano sales had provided for the nation during the Guano Era (1840s-1860s). El monopolio peruano del salitre fueron las medidas de política interna y externa tomadas por los gobiernos de Perú en la década de 1870 para aumentar la recaudación fiscal proveniente del salitre por medio del control de precios, de la comercialización de ese recurso natural y por último, de la estatización de las empresas que explotaban el recurso natural. En 1878 el Estado boliviano impuso un nuevo impuesto de 10 centavos de boliviano a cada quintal métrico de salitre exportado por las compañías chilenas lo que gatilló la guerra.
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n11:1873001.pdf n18:ekdahl__wilhelm_-_historia_militar_de_la_guerra_de n20:105 n21:scielo.php%3Fscript=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-71942008000100003 n21:scielo.php%3Fscript=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-71942014000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso
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Who would pay the new taxes: a jobless man, a demobilized soldier, a priest without a church, a monk without a monastery, a widow without a pension Pardo keeps the guano revenue, and spreads a new illness: "impuestitis" .
dbp:footer
Faced with a dramatic decline in guano revenues, the government desperately needed to find additional sources of revenue. The Peruvian magazine "El Cascabel" scoffed at the proposed measures.
dbp:group
nota
dbp:header
Peruvian opposition to new taxes
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366 432
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Quien pagara contribuciones.png Impuestitis.png
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dbo:abstract
The Peruvian nitrate monopoly was a state-owned enterprise over the mining and sale of saltpeter (sodium nitrate) created by the government of Peru in 1875 and operated by the . Peru intended for the monopoly to capitalize on the world market's high demand for nitrates, thereby increasing the country's fiscal revenues and supplementing the financial role that guano sales had provided for the nation during the Guano Era (1840s-1860s). During the 19th century Peru established a virtual international monopoly in the trade of guano, another fertilizer, and since the 1840s income from this source had financed the Peruvian Guano Era. By the 1860s these revenues were in decline, as deteriorating quality led to a reduction of exports. Alongside this trend, nitrate exports from the Peruvian province of Tarapacá grew, and became an important competitor to guano in the international market. In January 1873 the government of Manuel Pardo imposed an estanco, a state control on production and sales of nitrate, but this proved impractical, and the law was shelved in March 1873 before it was ever applied. In 1875, as the economic situation deteriorated and Peru's overseas debts increased, the government expropriated the saltpeter industry and imposed a full state monopoly on production and exports. However, there were nitrate deposits in Bolivia and Chile, and although the latter were not economically viable, exports from Bolivia by the Chilean Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarriles de Antofagasta (CSFA) made Peruvian price controls impossible. Following the Peruvian state's failure to raise new loan capital from Europe to finance its nationalization program, the government proceeded to acquire Bolivian licenses to exploit newly discovered nitrate fields, and encouraged the Bolivian government to withdraw from the Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia. This treaty had fixed for 25 years the tax rate on the Chilean saltpeter company, in return for Chile's relinquishing of its sovereignty claims over the disputed region of Antofagasta. In 1878 the Bolivian Government imposed a 0.35 Pounds Sterling per tonne (10 cents Bolivian Bolivianos per 100 kg) tax over the CSFA's export of saltpeter, contrary to Article IV of the Boundary Treaty. Although it is uncertain whether Peru exerted direct pressure on Bolivia to impose this tax, its consequence was the confiscation and auctioning off of the CSFA, the major competitor to Peruvian saltpeter. Historians agree that control over the nitrate fields in the Atacama were a central cause for the start of the War of the Pacific. Some Chilean historians consider that the Peruvian plan to control the price and production of the Bolivian nitrate fields was what ultimately caused the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). According to the Chilean government, Peru's actions were the primary cause of the 1879 war. However, most historians consider that the war was actually precipitated by the Chilean government's expansionist foreign policy and its ambitions over the Atacama's mineral wealth in Bolivian and Peruvian territory. El monopolio peruano del salitre fueron las medidas de política interna y externa tomadas por los gobiernos de Perú en la década de 1870 para aumentar la recaudación fiscal proveniente del salitre por medio del control de precios, de la comercialización de ese recurso natural y por último, de la estatización de las empresas que explotaban el recurso natural. Desde la década de 1840, Perú gozó de casi un monopolio del comercio internacional del guano, con cuyas ganancias pudo solventar la llamada Era del Guano. En la década de 1860, comenzaron a disminuir los ingresos provenientes de la exportación de guano a causa de la baja ley y de la baja en el rendimiento en los depósitos. Más aún, el salitre comenzó a reemplazar al guano en su uso agrícola. Por esa razón el Estado peruano creó por ley en 1873 un estanco del salitre, que sometía a control estatal la comercialización y el precio del fertilizante agrícola. La ley fracasó y tres años después Perú estatizó las empresas elaboradoras del salitre, hasta entonces en manos de capitales peruanos, británicos y chilenos, entre otros. Sin embargo, había también depósitos de salitre en la provincia boliviana de Antofagasta y en el norte de Chile que competían con el guano y el salitre peruano de Tarapacá y que hacían imposible el control del precio internacional por parte del Perú. En el plano internacional, el gobierno peruano instó al gobierno boliviano a no firmar el tratado limítrofe con Chile que eximía de impuestos a las empresas chilenas del salitre en Antofagasta por 25 años. El Estado peruano comenzó también a comprar licencias de explotación de salitre otorgadas por el Estado boliviano, ofreció una política de precios común con Bolivia y presionó a las empresas chilenas que operaban en Bolivia con el fin de que redujeran su producción. Esta internacionalización del problema del salitre llevaría más tarde al Perú a la Guerra del Pacífico y tuvo consecuencias aún después de terminado el conflicto bélico.​​​ El gobierno chileno denunció las acciones peruanas como una de las causas primarias de la guerra.​ En 1878 el Estado boliviano impuso un nuevo impuesto de 10 centavos de boliviano a cada quintal métrico de salitre exportado por las compañías chilenas lo que gatilló la guerra.
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