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- Das Kampfringen ist eine mittelalterliche Kampfkunst, die vor allem im Heiligen Römischen Reich praktiziert wurde. Es enthielt neben Griffen und Würgern auch Würfe und Hebeltechniken, die den heutigen Judo- und Aikidotechniken ähnlich sind. (de)
- Ringen is the German language term for grappling (wrestling).In the context of the German school of historical European martial arts during the Late Middle Ages and the German Renaissance, Ringen refers to unarmed combat in general, including grappling techniques used as part of swordsmanship. The German tradition has records of a number of master-Ringer of the 15th to 16th centuries specializing in unarmed combat, such as Ott Jud. Medieval and early Renaissance wrestling treatises present both sport and combat techniques together as one art. The distinction is made more frequently by modern practitioners than is present in historical sources, but in a select few examples the terms for sportive grappling or geselliges Ringen and earnest unarmed combat or Kampfringen (where Kampf is the Early Modern German term for "war" or battle) were used to describe specific techniques which were only suitable for one scenario or the other. There are no known sources describing medieval rulesets for Ringen competition. However, many living folk wrestling styles in Europe are fought until a throw is completed. The lack of detailed ground wrestling in the medieval wrestling treatises supports the theory that in both competition and combat the throw was more important than extended ground wrestling. While sportive grappling had fixed rules that prohibited dangerous techniques, usually starting in grappling hold and ending with a throw or submission, Kampfringen can be considered a system of unarmed self-defense including punches, joint-locks, elbow strikes, chokeholds, headbutts and (to a limited extent) kicks. The German tradition of Ringen was eclipsed during the 17th century as the modern Baroque understanding of nobility precluded the participation of the higher classes in wrestling matches. Wrestling continued to be practiced among the lower classes, giving rise to the various traditional styles of folk wrestling. The still existing Swiss martial art Schwingen is directly related to Kampfringen. (en)
- 日耳曼擒拿術（德語：Kampfringen，徒手互鬥与摔角扭打的意思），或稱德意志防身術、日耳曼防身術，是产生在中世纪至文艺复兴时期神圣罗马帝国（今日的德国）的一种徒手格斗武术、防身術，主要用於战士於戰場上，武器损坏或遗失，必须徒手戰鬥時的情況。 (zh)
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- a throwing technique as illustrated in the 1467 fechtbuch by Hans Talhoffer (en)
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- Das Kampfringen ist eine mittelalterliche Kampfkunst, die vor allem im Heiligen Römischen Reich praktiziert wurde. Es enthielt neben Griffen und Würgern auch Würfe und Hebeltechniken, die den heutigen Judo- und Aikidotechniken ähnlich sind. (de)
- 日耳曼擒拿術（德語：Kampfringen，徒手互鬥与摔角扭打的意思），或稱德意志防身術、日耳曼防身術，是产生在中世纪至文艺复兴时期神圣罗马帝国（今日的德国）的一种徒手格斗武术、防身術，主要用於战士於戰場上，武器损坏或遗失，必须徒手戰鬥時的情況。 (zh)
- Ringen is the German language term for grappling (wrestling).In the context of the German school of historical European martial arts during the Late Middle Ages and the German Renaissance, Ringen refers to unarmed combat in general, including grappling techniques used as part of swordsmanship. The German tradition has records of a number of master-Ringer of the 15th to 16th centuries specializing in unarmed combat, such as Ott Jud. (en)
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- Kampfringen (de)
- Ringen (en)
- 日耳曼擒拿术 (zh)
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