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In mathematics, the nine lemma (or 3×3 lemma) is a statement about commutative diagrams and exact sequences valid in the category of groups and any abelian category. It states: if the diagram to the right is a commutative diagram and all columns as well as the two bottom rows are exact, then the top row is exact as well. Likewise, if all columns as well as the two top rows are exact, then the bottom row is exact as well. Similarly, because the diagram is symmetric about its diagonal, rows and columns may be interchanged in the above as well.

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  • Neunerlemma (de)
  • 9項補題 (ja)
  • 이중 사슬 복합체 (ko)
  • Nine lemma (en)
  • Lema dos nove (pt)
  • 九引理 (zh)
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  • Das Neunerlemma, wegen der Struktur des unten abgebildeten Diagramms auch 3x3-Lemma genannt, ist eine mathematische Aussage über kommutierende Diagramme und exakte Folgen, die sowohl für jede abelsche Kategorie als auch für die Kategorie der Gruppen gültig ist. (de)
  • 호몰로지 대수학에서 이중 사슬 복합체(二重사슬複合體, 영어: double chain complex, bicomplex)는 사슬 복합체와 유사하지만, 1차원 대신 2차원인 구조이다. 즉, 모든 항들은 두 개의 첨자를 달고 있으며, 각 항 위에는 수직 및 수평 방향의 두 개의 경계 사상이 정의되며, 이들은 서로 교환 법칙을 만족시켜야 한다. 이중 사슬 복합체 위에는 도롱뇽 정리(도롱[龍]定理, 영어: salamander lemma) 및 그 특수한 경우인 3×3 정리(三×三定理, 영어: 3×3 lemma) · 뱀 정리와 같은 정리들이 성립한다. (ko)
  • 在數學中,九引理是一個對任意阿貝爾範疇(例如阿貝爾群範疇與模範疇)均成立的抽象結果,此引理斷言:給定如下的交換圖: 若每一直行及下兩橫列正合,則最上一個橫列也正合;類此,若每一直行及上兩橫列正合,則最下一個橫列也正合。 九引理可透過圖追蹤直接證明,或藉著對正合橫列套用蛇引理證明。 Linderholm (p.201) 曾這麼挖苦九引理: 畫個井字,別填上圈叉,而要用彎曲的箭頭……在井字上揮舞些複雜的手勢。畫些圈,但不是在井字裡,而要畫在格線末端。扮個鬼臉。你已證明了:(a) 九引理(b) 十六引理(c) 二十五引理…… (zh)
  • In mathematics, the nine lemma (or 3×3 lemma) is a statement about commutative diagrams and exact sequences valid in the category of groups and any abelian category. It states: if the diagram to the right is a commutative diagram and all columns as well as the two bottom rows are exact, then the top row is exact as well. Likewise, if all columns as well as the two top rows are exact, then the bottom row is exact as well. Similarly, because the diagram is symmetric about its diagonal, rows and columns may be interchanged in the above as well. (en)
  • 数学において、9項補題(英: nine lemma)、ナイン・レンマは、可換図式と完全列についてのステートメントで、任意のアーベル圏や群の圏において有効である。これは次のようなものである。下の図式 が可換図式であり、すべての列と下の2つの行が完全であれば、上の行もまた完全である。同様に、すべての列と上の2つの行が完全であれば、下の行もまた完全である。 9項補題は直接的な によって証明することができる。あるいは、蛇の補題を(1つ目のケースでは2つの下の行に対して、2つ目のケースでは上の2行に対して)適用することによっても証明できる。 Linderholm (p. 201) は9項補題の風刺的な見解を展開している。 (ja)
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  • Das Neunerlemma, wegen der Struktur des unten abgebildeten Diagramms auch 3x3-Lemma genannt, ist eine mathematische Aussage über kommutierende Diagramme und exakte Folgen, die sowohl für jede abelsche Kategorie als auch für die Kategorie der Gruppen gültig ist. (de)
  • In mathematics, the nine lemma (or 3×3 lemma) is a statement about commutative diagrams and exact sequences valid in the category of groups and any abelian category. It states: if the diagram to the right is a commutative diagram and all columns as well as the two bottom rows are exact, then the top row is exact as well. Likewise, if all columns as well as the two top rows are exact, then the bottom row is exact as well. Similarly, because the diagram is symmetric about its diagonal, rows and columns may be interchanged in the above as well. The nine lemma can be proved by direct diagram chasing, or by applying the snake lemma (to the two bottom rows in the first case, and to the two top rows in the second case). Linderholm (p. 201) offers a satirical view of the nine lemma: "Draw a noughts-and-crosses board... Do not fill it in with noughts and crosses... Instead, use curved arrows... Wave your hands about in complicated patterns over this board. Make some noughts, but not in the squares; put them at both ends of the horizontal and vertical lines. Make faces. You have now proved:(a) the Nine Lemma(b) the Sixteen Lemma(c) the Twenty-five Lemma..." There are two variants of nine lemma: sharp nine lemma and symmetric nine lemma (see Lemmas 3.3, 3.4 in Chapter XII of ). (en)
  • 호몰로지 대수학에서 이중 사슬 복합체(二重사슬複合體, 영어: double chain complex, bicomplex)는 사슬 복합체와 유사하지만, 1차원 대신 2차원인 구조이다. 즉, 모든 항들은 두 개의 첨자를 달고 있으며, 각 항 위에는 수직 및 수평 방향의 두 개의 경계 사상이 정의되며, 이들은 서로 교환 법칙을 만족시켜야 한다. 이중 사슬 복합체 위에는 도롱뇽 정리(도롱[龍]定理, 영어: salamander lemma) 및 그 특수한 경우인 3×3 정리(三×三定理, 영어: 3×3 lemma) · 뱀 정리와 같은 정리들이 성립한다. (ko)
  • 数学において、9項補題(英: nine lemma)、ナイン・レンマは、可換図式と完全列についてのステートメントで、任意のアーベル圏や群の圏において有効である。これは次のようなものである。下の図式 が可換図式であり、すべての列と下の2つの行が完全であれば、上の行もまた完全である。同様に、すべての列と上の2つの行が完全であれば、下の行もまた完全である。 9項補題は直接的な によって証明することができる。あるいは、蛇の補題を(1つ目のケースでは2つの下の行に対して、2つ目のケースでは上の2行に対して)適用することによっても証明できる。 Linderholm (p. 201) は9項補題の風刺的な見解を展開している。 "Draw a noughts-and-crosses board... Do not fill it in with noughts and crosses... Instead, use curved arrows... Wave your hands about in complicated patterns over this board. Make some noughts, but not in the squares; put them at both ends of the horizontal and vertical lines. Make faces. You have now proved:(a) the Nine Lemma(b) the Sixteen Lemma(c) the Twenty-five Lemma..." (ja)
  • 在數學中,九引理是一個對任意阿貝爾範疇(例如阿貝爾群範疇與模範疇)均成立的抽象結果,此引理斷言:給定如下的交換圖: 若每一直行及下兩橫列正合,則最上一個橫列也正合;類此,若每一直行及上兩橫列正合,則最下一個橫列也正合。 九引理可透過圖追蹤直接證明,或藉著對正合橫列套用蛇引理證明。 Linderholm (p.201) 曾這麼挖苦九引理: 畫個井字,別填上圈叉,而要用彎曲的箭頭……在井字上揮舞些複雜的手勢。畫些圈,但不是在井字裡,而要畫在格線末端。扮個鬼臉。你已證明了:(a) 九引理(b) 十六引理(c) 二十五引理…… (zh)
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