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Statements

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Hsinbyushin Hsinbyushin Hsinbyushin Сінб'юшин Hsinbyushin Hsinbyushin Схинбьюшин 辛標信
rdfs:comment
Hsinbyushin (birmanês: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; em tailandês: พระเจ้ามังระ; Moksobo, 12 de setembro de 1736 – Ava, 10 de junho de 1776) foi rei da dinastia Konbaung da Birmânia (Myanmar) de 1763 a 1776. O segundo filho do fundador da dinastia, Alaungpaya. É mais conhecido por suas guerras contra a China e o Sião, e é considerado o rei mais militarista da dinastia. Sua defesa bem-sucedida contra as preservou a independência da Birmânia. Sua invasão do Sião (1765-1767) encerrou com a dinastia Ayutthaya do Sião. As vitórias simultâneas sobre a China e o Sião foram consideradas com "um elã verdadeiramente espantoso inigualável desde Bayinnaung". Ele também elevou o pagode Shwedagon para sua altura atual em abril de 1775. Hsinbyushin (birman: ဆင်ဖြူရှင် ; 1736 - 10 juillet 1776 ; littéralement Seigneur de l'Éléphant blanc) fut le troisième roi de la dynastie Konbaung de Birmanie. Il était fils d'Alaungpaya (1752-1760) et succéda à son frère Naungdawgyi (1760-1763). Il eut 18 fils et 23 filles. Hsibyushin mourut d'une longue maladie à Ava le 10 juillet 1776. Son fils Singu Min lui succéda. Le Royaume d'Ava, comme on l'appelait à l'époque, dominait alors les états Shans, le Laos et le royaume de Lanna. Hsinbyushin (Birmanisch: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, [sʰɪ̀ɴ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɴ]; Thai: พระเจ้ามังระ; * 12. September 1736; † 10. Juni 1776 in Ava) war zwischen 1763 und 1776 Herrscher des Königreichs Ava im heutigen Myanmar aus der Konbaung-Dynastie. Er unterwarf 1767 das siamesische Königreich Ayutthaya und zerstörte dessen Hauptstadt endgültig. Схинбьюшин (бирм. ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; 12 сентября 1736 — 10 июля 1776; буквально Господин Белого Слона) — третий король династии Конбаун в Бирме (28 ноября 1763 — 10 июля 1776). Второй сын основателя династии Алаунпхая. Наиболее известен своими войнами с Китаем и Сиамом считается самым воинственным королем династии Конбаун. Его успешная оборона от четырех китайских вторжений сохранила бирманскую независимость. Его вторжение в Сиам (1765—1767) положило конец династии Аютия в Сиаме. Почти одновременные победы над Китаем и Сиамом были названы свидетельством «поистине удивительного подъема, не имеющего себе равных со времен Байиннауна». Он также достроил Пагоду Шведагон в Янгоне до ее нынешней высоты в апреле 1775 года. Re Hsinbyushin (in lingua birmana: Hsinbyushin ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, trascrizione IPA: /sʰɪ̀ɴ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɴ/; in lingua thai: มังระ, trascrizione RTGS: Mangrah) è stato un sovrano birmano. Fu il terzo re della dinastia Konbaung di Birmania dal 1763 al 1776 e secondo figlio del capostipite Alaungpaya. È considerato il più bellicoso tra i sovrani Konbaung ed è famoso per le vittoriose guerre contro la Cina della dinastia Qing e il Regno di Ayutthaya dei siamesi. 辛標信（緬甸語：ဆင်ဖြူရှင်，缅甸语委转写：Hsinbyushin；1736年9月12日－1776年6月10日），中国古籍称其为孟驳、懵駁，是緬甸貢榜王朝的第三代國王，1763年至1776年在位。他是貢榜王朝建立者雍笈牙的次子，也是先王囊陀基的弟弟。號「白象王」。 辛標信在位期間，緬甸不斷對外擴張。1762年起，因與清朝的領土和資源爭端，發生清緬戰爭，這場戰爭直到1769年才結束。 同時，辛標信亦對泰國發動攻勢。1764年，辛標信宣稱清邁和永珍是緬甸領土，派遣緬甸軍隊的主力入侵泰國大城王朝。1767年，辛標信攻佔阿瑜陀耶，滅暹羅。但不久緬甸為了對付清朝的入侵，不得不只留下三千兵力驻扎暹罗，全军調兵歸國抵御满清进攻。泰國將軍鄭昭由此得以击败国内其他割据势力，將緬甸軍隊驅逐了出去，重建暹罗。 1776年，辛標信在阿瓦逝世，其子新古王繼位。辛標信在位期間是貢榜王朝軍事勢力最鼎盛的時期，瑪哈·希哈修亞、瑪哈·希修、內苗·希哈巴迪、瑪哈·瑙亞塔、、巴拉敏丁、登賈·敏康等将军都是活跃于这个时期的军事将领，在对清朝和暹罗的战争中功勋卓著。 Hsinbyushin (Burmese: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, IPA: [sʰɪ̀ɰ̃ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɰ̃], lit. 'Lord of the white elephant'; Thai: พระเจ้ามังระ; 12 September 1736 – 10 June 1776) was king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1763 to 1776. The second son of the dynasty founder Alaungpaya is best known for his wars with China and Siam, and is considered the most militaristic king of the dynasty. His successful defense against four Chinese invasions preserved Burmese independence. His invasion of Siam (1765–1767) ended Siam's Ayutthaya Dynasty. The near simultaneous victories over China and Siam has been referred to as testimony "to a truly astonishing elan unmatched since Bayinnaung." He also raised the Shwedagon Pagoda to its current height in April 1775. Сінб'юшин (бірм. ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; 12 вересня 1736 — 10 червня 1776) — м'янманський правитель у 1763—1776 роках. Ім'я перекладається як Володар білого слона.
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1736-09-12
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Maung Ywa
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1776-06-10
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20
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0001-11-28
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Me Hla 15
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dbo:abstract
辛標信（緬甸語：ဆင်ဖြူရှင်，缅甸语委转写：Hsinbyushin；1736年9月12日－1776年6月10日），中国古籍称其为孟驳、懵駁，是緬甸貢榜王朝的第三代國王，1763年至1776年在位。他是貢榜王朝建立者雍笈牙的次子，也是先王囊陀基的弟弟。號「白象王」。 辛標信在位期間，緬甸不斷對外擴張。1762年起，因與清朝的領土和資源爭端，發生清緬戰爭，這場戰爭直到1769年才結束。 同時，辛標信亦對泰國發動攻勢。1764年，辛標信宣稱清邁和永珍是緬甸領土，派遣緬甸軍隊的主力入侵泰國大城王朝。1767年，辛標信攻佔阿瑜陀耶，滅暹羅。但不久緬甸為了對付清朝的入侵，不得不只留下三千兵力驻扎暹罗，全军調兵歸國抵御满清进攻。泰國將軍鄭昭由此得以击败国内其他割据势力，將緬甸軍隊驅逐了出去，重建暹罗。 1776年，辛標信在阿瓦逝世，其子新古王繼位。辛標信在位期間是貢榜王朝軍事勢力最鼎盛的時期，瑪哈·希哈修亞、瑪哈·希修、內苗·希哈巴迪、瑪哈·瑙亞塔、、巴拉敏丁、登賈·敏康等将军都是活跃于这个时期的军事将领，在对清朝和暹罗的战争中功勋卓著。 Hsinbyushin (birmanês: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; em tailandês: พระเจ้ามังระ; Moksobo, 12 de setembro de 1736 – Ava, 10 de junho de 1776) foi rei da dinastia Konbaung da Birmânia (Myanmar) de 1763 a 1776. O segundo filho do fundador da dinastia, Alaungpaya. É mais conhecido por suas guerras contra a China e o Sião, e é considerado o rei mais militarista da dinastia. Sua defesa bem-sucedida contra as preservou a independência da Birmânia. Sua invasão do Sião (1765-1767) encerrou com a dinastia Ayutthaya do Sião. As vitórias simultâneas sobre a China e o Sião foram consideradas com "um elã verdadeiramente espantoso inigualável desde Bayinnaung". Ele também elevou o pagode Shwedagon para sua altura atual em abril de 1775. O vice-comandante-em-chefe de seu pai durante as campanhas de reunificação (1752-1759), Hsinbyushin como rei seguiu uma política expansionista contra seus vizinhos. Em 1767, seus exércitos reprimiram uma rebelião em Manipur, capturaram os estados do Laos, temporariamente derrotaram o Sião, e repeliram duas invasões por parte da China. Mas sua decisão temerária de travar duas guerras simultâneas contra a China e o Sião, quase lhe custou o reino e sua independência. A terceira invasão chinesa de 1767-1768 penetrou profundamente na Birmânia central, forçando Hsinbyushin a retirar às pressas seus exércitos d Sião. Quando os reforçados exércitos birmaneses derrotaram os chineses, e assinaram uma trégua em 1769, os chineses ameaçaram outra invasão por mais uma década, e impediram Hsinbyushin a retomar a guerra contra o Sião. O espectro da guerra manteve o estado fortemente militarizado, possibilitando com que os comandantes do exército se sentissem livres para maltratar a população civil. Em 1773, o comando do exército provocou uma rebelião das tropas de etnia mon, apenas para que pudessem reprimir o motim com "severidade excessiva". O comportamento senhoril dos governadores locais e comandantes do exército aumentou ainda mais em 1774, quando Hsinbyushin adquiriu uma doença que alguns anos depois o iria tirar a vida. Em 1775, os estados vassalos periféricos de Lanna e Manipur se revoltaram. Hsinbyushin morreu em junho de 1776, enquanto as forças birmanesas ainda estavam engajadas no Sião e Manipur. Os exércitos birmaneses se retiraram do Sião logo após sua morte, deixando Lanna nas mãos dos siameses. Enquanto a maioria de suas vitórias militares foi de curta duração, o atual controle birmanês da região de Tanintharyi, norte e leste dos estados de Shan e do estado de Kachin é um legado duradouro de seu reinado. Сінб'юшин (бірм. ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; 12 вересня 1736 — 10 червня 1776) — м'янманський правитель у 1763—1776 роках. Ім'я перекладається як Володар білого слона. Hsinbyushin (birman: ဆင်ဖြူရှင် ; 1736 - 10 juillet 1776 ; littéralement Seigneur de l'Éléphant blanc) fut le troisième roi de la dynastie Konbaung de Birmanie. Il était fils d'Alaungpaya (1752-1760) et succéda à son frère Naungdawgyi (1760-1763). Il eut 18 fils et 23 filles. Hsinbyushin est surtout connu pour avoir envahi le royaume siamois d'Ayutthaya. En 1764, il lança une expédition dans l'est, où il pilla Chiang Mai et Vientiane. En avril 1767, il réalisa enfin l'objectif de son père sept ans plus tôt, en s'emparant d'Ayutthaya, d'où il ramena des milliers de prisonniers. Les destructions opérées par l'armée birmane suscitèrent le commentaire suivant d'un chroniqueur siamois : « le roi de Hanthawaddy menait la guerre comme un monarque, mais le roi d'Ava (Hsinbyushin) comme un voleur. » Cette conquête eut un rôle important dans l'absorption d'éléments thaïs dans la culture birmane, particulièrement en musique et en littérature, qui caractérise la dynastie Konbaung. La domination birmane sur Ayutthaya fut brève : un général thaï, Taksin, expulsa les birmans, qui étaient en même temps aux prises dans le nord avec une invasion chinoise de la dynastie Qing. L'armée birmane repoussa les chinois et pénétra dans le sud de la Chine. Après quatre guerres infructueuses contre la dynastie Konbaung, (1765 - 1769) où il perdit trois vice-rois (dont un de ses gendres ) l'empereur Qianlong établit finalement des relations diplomatiques et commerciales avec la Birmanie. Celles-ci furent formalisées en 1770 par un traité négocié entre généraux des deux pays. Le traité n'avait pas été soumis à Hsinbyushin pour son approbation, ce qui le rendit furieux contre ses généraux. Pour l'apaiser, ceux-ci envahirent le royaume indien de Manipur, action considérée comme une menace par les britanniques. Hsibyushin mourut d'une longue maladie à Ava le 10 juillet 1776. Son fils Singu Min lui succéda. Le Royaume d'Ava, comme on l'appelait à l'époque, dominait alors les états Shans, le Laos et le royaume de Lanna. Hsinbyushin (Birmanisch: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, [sʰɪ̀ɴ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɴ]; Thai: พระเจ้ามังระ; * 12. September 1736; † 10. Juni 1776 in Ava) war zwischen 1763 und 1776 Herrscher des Königreichs Ava im heutigen Myanmar aus der Konbaung-Dynastie. Er unterwarf 1767 das siamesische Königreich Ayutthaya und zerstörte dessen Hauptstadt endgültig. Re Hsinbyushin (in lingua birmana: Hsinbyushin ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, trascrizione IPA: /sʰɪ̀ɴ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɴ/; in lingua thai: มังระ, trascrizione RTGS: Mangrah) è stato un sovrano birmano. Fu il terzo re della dinastia Konbaung di Birmania dal 1763 al 1776 e secondo figlio del capostipite Alaungpaya. È considerato il più bellicoso tra i sovrani Konbaung ed è famoso per le vittoriose guerre contro la Cina della dinastia Qing e il Regno di Ayutthaya dei siamesi. Ottenne la più grande serie di conquiste per il suo Paese dai tempi di re Bayinnaung nel XVI secolo, anche se non poté mantenere a lungo il controllo sul Siam. La vittoria sui cinesi è stata definita la più importante nella storia militare della Birmania. Secondo lo studioso di storia birmana Harvey, i traguardi raggiunti in campo militare da Hsinbyushin mettono in ombra le gesta del padre Alaungpaya. Fece inoltre ingrandire la pagoda Shwedagon alle sue odierne dimensioni nell'aprile del 1775. Hsinbyushin (Burmese: ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, IPA: [sʰɪ̀ɰ̃ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɰ̃], lit. 'Lord of the white elephant'; Thai: พระเจ้ามังระ; 12 September 1736 – 10 June 1776) was king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1763 to 1776. The second son of the dynasty founder Alaungpaya is best known for his wars with China and Siam, and is considered the most militaristic king of the dynasty. His successful defense against four Chinese invasions preserved Burmese independence. His invasion of Siam (1765–1767) ended Siam's Ayutthaya Dynasty. The near simultaneous victories over China and Siam has been referred to as testimony "to a truly astonishing elan unmatched since Bayinnaung." He also raised the Shwedagon Pagoda to its current height in April 1775. The deputy commander-in-chief during his father's reunification campaigns (1752–1759), Hsinbyushin as king pursued an expansionist policy against his neighbors. By 1767, his armies had put down a rebellion in Manipur, captured the Laotian states, temporarily defeated Siam, and driven back two invasions by China. But his reckless decision to wage two simultaneous wars against China and Siam nearly cost the kingdom its independence. The third Chinese invasion of 1767–1768 penetrated deep into central Burma, forcing Hsinbyushin to hastily withdraw his armies from Siam. While the reinforced Burmese armies defeated the Chinese, and reached an uneasy truce in 1769, the Chinese threatened another invasion for another decade, and prevented Hsinbyushin from renewing the war with Siam. The specter of war kept the state heavily militarized, setting the stage for army commanders to mistreat the population. In 1773, the army command provoked a rebellion by ethnic Mon troops, only to suppress the mutiny with "undue severity". The warlord behavior by local governors and army commanders only increased in 1774 when Hsinbyushin suffered from what turned out to be a long illness that would ultimately claim his life. In 1775, periphery vassals states of Lan Na and Manipur both revolted. He died in June 1776 while the Burmese forces were still engaged in Siam and Manipur. The Burmese armies withdrew from Siam right after his death, leaving Lan Na in Siamese hands. While most of his military victories were short-lived, the present-day Burmese control of Taninthayi Region, northern and eastern Shan State and Kachin State is an enduring result of his reign. Схинбьюшин (бирм. ဆင်ဖြူရှင်; 12 сентября 1736 — 10 июля 1776; буквально Господин Белого Слона) — третий король династии Конбаун в Бирме (28 ноября 1763 — 10 июля 1776). Второй сын основателя династии Алаунпхая. Наиболее известен своими войнами с Китаем и Сиамом считается самым воинственным королем династии Конбаун. Его успешная оборона от четырех китайских вторжений сохранила бирманскую независимость. Его вторжение в Сиам (1765—1767) положило конец династии Аютия в Сиаме. Почти одновременные победы над Китаем и Сиамом были названы свидетельством «поистине удивительного подъема, не имеющего себе равных со времен Байиннауна». Он также достроил Пагоду Шведагон в Янгоне до ее нынешней высоты в апреле 1775 года. Заместитель главнокомандующего во время кампании по воссоединению Бирмы своего отца (1752—1759), Схинбьюшин в качестве короля проводил экспансионистскую политику против своих соседей. К 1767 году его войска подавили восстание в Манипуре, захватили лаосские государства, временно разгромил Сиам и отбросил назад два вторжения Цинской империи. Но его опрометчивое решение вести две одновременные войны против Китая и Сиама едва не стоило королевству независимости. Третье китайское вторжение 1767—1768 годов глубоко проникло в Центральную Бирму, вынудив Схинбьюшина поспешно вывести свои войска из Сиама. В то время как усиленные бирманские армии разгромили китайцев и достигли нелегкого перемирия в 1769 году, китайцы угрожали еще одним вторжением в течение следующего десятилетия и помешали Схинбьюшину возобновить войну с Сиамом. Призрак войны держал государство сильно милитаризованным, создавая почву для того, чтобы армейские командиры плохо обращались с населением. В 1773 году армейское командование спровоцировало восстание этнических монов, только чтобы подавить мятеж с «чрезмерной суровостью». Воинственное поведение местных губернаторов и армейских командиров только усилилось в 1774 году, когда Схинбьюшин страдал от того, что оказалось длительной болезнью, которая в конечном итоге унесла его жизнь. В 1775 году вассальные государства Ланнатай и Манипур подняли восстание на периферии Бирмы. Он умер в июне 1776 года, когда бирманские войска еще сражались в Сиаме и Манипуре. Бирманские войска ушли из Сиама сразу после его смерти, оставив Ланнатай в руках сиамцев. Хотя большинство его военных побед были недолгими, нынешний бирманский контроль над регионом Танинтайи, северным и восточным штатом Шан и штатом Качин является прочным результатом его правления.
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