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Statements

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dbr:Carmela_Teoli
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dbr:1912_Lawrence_textile_strike
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rdfs:label
로렌스 섬유 파업 Grève du textile à Lawrence 1912 Lawrence textile strike Textilní stávka v Lawrence
rdfs:comment
The Lawrence Textile Strike, also known as the Bread and Roses Strike, was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Prompted by a two-hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek for women, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence. On January 1, 1912, the Massachusetts government enforced a law that cut mill workers' hours in a single work week from 56 hours, to 54 hours. Ten days later, they found out that pay had been reduced along with the cut in hours. Textilní stávka v Lawrence, známá také jako stávka za chléb a růže, byla stávka přistěhovaleckých dělníků a dělnic v Lawrence ve státě Massachusetts v roce 1912, kterou vedli Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Dne 1. ledna 1912 prosadila vláda státu Massachusetts zákon, který zkrátil pracovní dobu dělníků v přádelnách z 56 na 54 hodin týdně. O deset dní později zjistili, že spolu se snížením pracovní doby byla snížena i mzda. To vyprovokovalo stávku, která se rychle rozšířila po městě a zúčastnilo se jí více než dvacet tisíc dělníků a dělnic z téměř všech přádelen v Lawrence. La grève du textile de Lawrence, également connue sous le nom de grève du pain et des roses (Bread and Roses strike en anglais), est une grève effectuée en 1912 à Lawrence (Massachusetts) par des travailleurs immigrants rattachés aux Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). 로렌스 섬유 파업(Lawrence textile strike)은 1912년 세계산업노동자연맹(IWW)의 주도로 매사추세츠주 로렌스 시에서 일어난 이주 노동자들의 파업이다. 1주 노동 시간을 단축하는 새 법이 통과되자 사측이 이에 맞춰 임금을 삭감했고, 도시 전체로 파업이 빠르게 확산되어 로렌스 시의 거의 모든 방직공장의 2만 명 이상의 노동자가 파업에 나서게 되었다. 파업을 위해 단결한 노동자들은 대부분 이민자 출신으로서 40개 이상의 서로 다른 민족들로 구성되어 있었다. 살을 엘 듯한 추위에도 불구하고 파업은 2개월 이상 지속되었다. 노동자들은 미국노동총연맹(AFL)에 가맹된 어용노조가 직장을 장악하는 것에 저항했다. 여성의 비율이 상당했고 인종적으로 제각각인 섬유노동자들은 이러한 보수적 노동조합을 조직할 수 없었다. 1월 말, 시위 도중 구경꾼 한 명이 경찰의 발포에 사망했고, IWW의 노조조직가 와 가 살인 혐의로 체포되었다.
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n6:1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike_1.jpg?width=300
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Arrests, etc
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Massachusetts militiamen with fixed bayonets surround a group of strikers
dbp:casualties
Injuries: many Deaths: Injuries: Arrests: 296 Deaths: 3 Arrests: 3
dbp:date
0001-01-11
dbp:goals
54
dbp:leadfigures
Angelo G. Rocco dbr:Joseph_Ettor Arturo Giovannitti; dbr:William_Madison_Wood Gov. Eugene Foss Bill Haywood; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn;
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Strikes, protests, demonstrations
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dbr:Lawrence,_Massachusetts
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Industrial Workers of the World Mass. National Guard Textile workers; Mass. State Police; dbr:American_Woolen_Company
dbp:title
1912
dbo:abstract
La grève du textile de Lawrence, également connue sous le nom de grève du pain et des roses (Bread and Roses strike en anglais), est une grève effectuée en 1912 à Lawrence (Massachusetts) par des travailleurs immigrants rattachés aux Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). La grève s'est déclenchée en janvier lorsqu'un propriétaire a décidé de diminuer les salaires de ses travailleurs au moment de l'entrée en vigueur d'une nouvelle loi réduisant la longueur de la semaine de travail. La grève se répand rapidement à travers la ville, réunissant environ 20 000 ouvriers en une semaine. D'une durée d'environ deux mois, elle fait mentir les syndicats conservateurs de l'American Federation of Labor affirmant que les immigrants, principalement composés de femmes et de groupes ethniques, ne pouvaient pas s'organiser. Textilní stávka v Lawrence, známá také jako stávka za chléb a růže, byla stávka přistěhovaleckých dělníků a dělnic v Lawrence ve státě Massachusetts v roce 1912, kterou vedli Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Dne 1. ledna 1912 prosadila vláda státu Massachusetts zákon, který zkrátil pracovní dobu dělníků v přádelnách z 56 na 54 hodin týdně. O deset dní později zjistili, že spolu se snížením pracovní doby byla snížena i mzda. To vyprovokovalo stávku, která se rychle rozšířila po městě a zúčastnilo se jí více než dvacet tisíc dělníků a dělnic z téměř všech přádelen v Lawrence. Stávka spojila dělníky více než 51 různých národností, z nichž mnozí neuměli moc dobře anglicky.[zdroj?] Velkou část stávkujících dělníků, včetně mnoha vůdců stávky, tvořili italští přistěhovalci. Stávka probíhala během kruté zimy a trvala více než dva měsíce – od ledna do března 1912. Taktéž předčila očekávání konzervativních odborů v rámci Americké federace práce (American Federation of Labor, AFL), že přistěhovalecké, převážně ženské a etnicky různorodé dělníky nelze organizovat. Když byla koncem ledna během protestu policií zabita stávkující , byli organizátoři Joseph Ettor a Arturo Giovannitti z IWW obviněni ze spoluúčasti na vraždě a zatčeni. Vedoucí představitelé IWW Bill Haywood a Elizabeth Gurley Flynnová přijeli do Lawrence, aby vedli stávku. Společně zorganizovali její významný krok, kterým bylo odeslání stovek hladových dětí stávkujících do solidárních rodin v New Yorku, New Jersey a Vermontu. Tento krok vzbudil sympatie široké veřejnosti, zejména poté, co policie zastavila další odjezd, což vedlo k násilnostem na vlakovém nádraží v Lawrence. Následovala slyšení v Kongresu, která vedla k odhalení šokujících podmínek v přádelnách a výzvám k jejich prošetření. Majitelé přádelen se brzy rozhodli se stávkujícími uzavřít smír a zaměstnancům v Lawrence a v celé Nové Anglii přidali až 20 %. Do roka se však IWW v Lawrence z velké části rozpadla. Stávka v Lawrence bývá často označována jako stávka "Chléb a růže". Říká se jí také "stávka za tři bochníky". Výraz "chléb a růže" ve skutečnosti existoval již před stávkou, a to v básni Jamese Oppenheima, která byla publikována v časopise The American Magazine v prosinci 1911. V dělnickém sborníku z roku 1915 The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest od Uptona Sinclaira byla tato fráze připsána stávce v Lawrence a toto spojení se vžilo. 로렌스 섬유 파업(Lawrence textile strike)은 1912년 세계산업노동자연맹(IWW)의 주도로 매사추세츠주 로렌스 시에서 일어난 이주 노동자들의 파업이다. 1주 노동 시간을 단축하는 새 법이 통과되자 사측이 이에 맞춰 임금을 삭감했고, 도시 전체로 파업이 빠르게 확산되어 로렌스 시의 거의 모든 방직공장의 2만 명 이상의 노동자가 파업에 나서게 되었다. 파업을 위해 단결한 노동자들은 대부분 이민자 출신으로서 40개 이상의 서로 다른 민족들로 구성되어 있었다. 살을 엘 듯한 추위에도 불구하고 파업은 2개월 이상 지속되었다. 노동자들은 미국노동총연맹(AFL)에 가맹된 어용노조가 직장을 장악하는 것에 저항했다. 여성의 비율이 상당했고 인종적으로 제각각인 섬유노동자들은 이러한 보수적 노동조합을 조직할 수 없었다. 1월 말, 시위 도중 구경꾼 한 명이 경찰의 발포에 사망했고, IWW의 노조조직가 와 가 살인 혐의로 체포되었다. 이에 IWW 지도부 빌 헤이우드와 엘리자베스 걸리 플린이 로렌스 시내로 내려와 파업 지도 역할을 넘겨받았다. 헤이우드와 플린은 파업노동자들의 굶주린 아이들 수백 명을 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 버몬트로 보내 동정심을 유발하자는 작전을 내놓았다. 이 작전은 상당한 효과가 있었으며, 특히 로렌스 열차역에서 경찰이 아동들이 로렌스 시를 나가려는 것을 막으려다 폭력사태가 발생한 이후 파업노동자 측에 대한 동정이 널리 퍼지게 되었다. 이러한 여론이 의회에 닿았고, 이후 조사 결과 로렌스의 방직공장들의 충격적인 노동환경 실태가 폭로되었다. 고용주들은 파업을 끝내기 위해 로렌스 시를 비롯한 뉴잉글랜드 전체의 임금을 2할 인상하게 되었다. 그러나 IWW는 1년도 되지 않아 로렌스 지역사회의 조직이 붕괴되었다. 로렌스 파업은 소위 "빵과 장미" 파업이라고도 하며, "빵 세 덩어리를 위한 파업"이라는 별명도 있다. "빵과 장미"는 사실 파업 이전부터 있었던 구호로서 제임스 오펜하임이 1911년 12월 《》에 투고한 시에 나오는 구절이다. 1916년 업튼 싱클레어가 《정의를 위한 절규: 사회저항문학 선집》에서 이 구호가 로렌스 파업에서 비롯된 것이라고 쓴 바람에 양자의 관계가 사람들 사이에 굳어지게 되었다. 또 "빵과 장미"는 사회주의 노조조직가 이 만든 구호라고 하기도 한다. 빵과 장미에서 빵은 생존을, 장미는 인간다운 삶을 뜻한다. 노동운동은 노동자의 생존과 인간다운 삶을 위한 노동자운동이라는 뜻이다. The Lawrence Textile Strike, also known as the Bread and Roses Strike, was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Prompted by a two-hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek for women, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence. On January 1, 1912, the Massachusetts government enforced a law that cut mill workers' hours in a single work week from 56 hours, to 54 hours. Ten days later, they found out that pay had been reduced along with the cut in hours. The strike united workers from more than 51 different nationalities many of whom knew little to no English. A large portion of the striking workers, including many of the leaders of the strike, were Italian immigrants. Carried on throughout a brutally cold winter, the strike lasted more than two months, from January to March, defying the assumptions of conservative trade unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) that immigrant, largely female and ethnically divided workers could not be organized. In late January, when a striker, Anna LoPizzo, was killed by police during a protest, IWW organizers Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti were framed and arrested on charges of being accessories to the murder. IWW leaders Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn came to Lawrence to run the strike. Together they masterminded its signature move, sending hundreds of the strikers' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York, New Jersey, and Vermont. The move drew widespread sympathy, especially after police stopped a further exodus, leading to violence at the Lawrence train station. Congressional hearings followed, resulting in exposure of shocking conditions in the Lawrence mills and calls for investigation of the "wool trust." Mill owners soon decided to settle the strike, giving workers in Lawrence and throughout New England raises of up to 20 percent. Within a year, however, the IWW had largely collapsed in Lawrence. The Lawrence strike is often referred to as the "Bread and Roses" strike. It has also been called the "strike for three loaves". The phrase "bread and roses" actually preceded the strike, appearing in a poem by James Oppenheim published in The American Magazine in December 1911. A 1915 labor anthology, The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest by Upton Sinclair, attributed the phrase to the Lawrence strike, and the association stuck. A popular rallying cry from the poem that has interwoven with the memory of the strike: As we come marching, marching, we battle too for men, For they are women's children, and we mother them again. Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes; Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses! —James Oppenheim
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dbr:1912_Lawrence_textile_strike