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In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, including English, a distinction between hard and soft ⟨c⟩ occurs in which ⟨c⟩ represents two distinct phonemes. The sound of a hard ⟨c⟩ often precedes the non-front vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩, and is that of the voiceless velar stop, /k/ (as in car). While the sound of a soft ⟨c⟩, typically before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩, may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft ⟨c⟩ is /s/ (as in the first and final c's in "circumference").

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  • In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, including English, a distinction between hard and soft ⟨c⟩ occurs in which ⟨c⟩ represents two distinct phonemes. The sound of a hard ⟨c⟩ often precedes the non-front vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩, and is that of the voiceless velar stop, /k/ (as in car). While the sound of a soft ⟨c⟩, typically before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩, may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft ⟨c⟩ is /s/ (as in the first and final c's in "circumference"). There was no soft ⟨c⟩ in classical Latin, where it was always pronounced as /k/. (en)
  • In italiano, C dolce è l'espressione usata per indicare il suono affricato postalveolare sordo /ʧ/, rappresentato, a seconda dei casi, con c oppure ci, in opposizione alla cosiddetta C dura avente, rispetto a questa, un comportamento praticamente opposto e complementare. In definitiva, la C dolce è a tutti gli effetti uno dei 30 fonemi del sistema fonologico italiano, che per ragioni storico-linguistiche non ha trovato nell'evoluzione grafica dell'alfabeto latino una collocazione letterale specifica, dovendo così convivere in uno statuto grafico complementare con la "c dura"; questo ha fatto sì che pur avendo fonologicamente un valore distintivo all'interno della lingua italiana, non tutti gli italofoni abbiano reale coscienza della sua autonoma esistenza. (it)
  • В латинских орфографиях многих европейских языков (включая английский) существует различие между твёрдым и мягким c, заключающееся в том, что c обозначает две различные фонемы. Звук твёрдого c (которой обычно предшествует гласным заднего ряда a, o и u) — глухой велярный взрывной согласный, /k/ (как в car), а звук мягкого c (обычно перед e, i и y), в зависимости от языка, может быть фрикативом или аффрикатой. В английском языке звук мягкого c — /s/ (как первое и последнее c в circumference). В классической латыни нет мягкого c, и оно всегда произносится как /k/. (ru)
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  • В латинских орфографиях многих европейских языков (включая английский) существует различие между твёрдым и мягким c, заключающееся в том, что c обозначает две различные фонемы. Звук твёрдого c (которой обычно предшествует гласным заднего ряда a, o и u) — глухой велярный взрывной согласный, /k/ (как в car), а звук мягкого c (обычно перед e, i и y), в зависимости от языка, может быть фрикативом или аффрикатой. В английском языке звук мягкого c — /s/ (как первое и последнее c в circumference). В классической латыни нет мягкого c, и оно всегда произносится как /k/. (ru)
  • In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, including English, a distinction between hard and soft ⟨c⟩ occurs in which ⟨c⟩ represents two distinct phonemes. The sound of a hard ⟨c⟩ often precedes the non-front vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩, and is that of the voiceless velar stop, /k/ (as in car). While the sound of a soft ⟨c⟩, typically before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩, may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft ⟨c⟩ is /s/ (as in the first and final c's in "circumference"). (en)
  • In italiano, C dolce è l'espressione usata per indicare il suono affricato postalveolare sordo /ʧ/, rappresentato, a seconda dei casi, con c oppure ci, in opposizione alla cosiddetta C dura avente, rispetto a questa, un comportamento praticamente opposto e complementare. (it)
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  • Hard and soft C (en)
  • C dolce (it)
  • Твёрдое и мягкое C (ru)
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