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- Kommerz ist der veraltete Ausdruck für Handel und Verkehr, heute ist der Begriff negativ konnotiert und wird als Geschäftemacherei oder Profitgier verstanden. (de)
- Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions directly and indirectly related to the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services among two or more parties within local, regional, national or international economies. More specifically, commerce is not business, but rather the part of business which facilitates the movement and distribution of finished or unfinished but valuable goods and services from the producers to the end consumers on a large scale, as opposed to the sourcing of raw materials and manufacturing of those goods. Commerce is subtly different from trade as well, which is the final transaction, exchange or transfer of finished goods and services between a seller and an end consumer. Commerce not only includes trade as defined above, but also a series of transactions that happen between the producer and the seller with the help of the auxiliary services and means which facilitate such trade. These auxiliary services include transportation, communication, warehousing, insurance, banking, financial markets, advertising, packaging, the services of commercial agents and agencies, etc. In other words, commerce encompasses a wide array of political, economical, technological, logistical, legal, regulatory, social and cultural aspects of trade on a large scale. From a marketing perspective, commerce creates time and place utility by making goods and services available to the customers at the right place and at the right time by changing their location or placement. Described in this manner, trade is a part of commerce and commerce is a part of business. Commerce was a costly endeavor in the antiquities because of the risky nature of transportation, which restricted it to local markets. Commerce then expanded along with the improvement of transportation systems over time. In the middle ages, long-distance and large-scale commerce was still limited within continents. With the advent of the age of exploration and oceangoing ships, commerce took an international, trans-continental stature. Currently the reliability of international trans-oceanic shipping and mailing systems and the facility of the Internet has made commerce possible between cities, regions and countries situated anywhere in the world. In the 21st century, Internet-based electronic commerce (where financial information is transferred over Internet), and its subcategories such as wireless mobile commerce and social network-based social commerce have been and continue to get adopted widely. Legislative bodies and ministries or ministerial departments of commerce regulate, promote and manage domestic and foreign commercial activities within a country. International commerce can be regulated by bilateral treaties between countries. However, after the second world war and the rise of free trade among nations, multilateral arrangements such as the GATT and later the World Trade Organization became the principal systems regulating global commerce. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is another important organization which sets rules and resolves disputes in international commerce. (en)
- 商業（しょうぎょう、英: commerce）とは、財やサービスなどの商品を所有している人または存在している場所と、必要としている人または必要としている場所を結びつけることにより利益を得る産業または経済活動である。多くは貨幣の媒介を経て市場や個々の店舗において取引（商取引）という形式をとって行われる。ただし、貨幣や市場などを媒介しない例を含める場合には「交換」と呼ぶこともある。また、「商業的」という場合、「営利を目的として」という意味になる（例：商業的生産）。産業の類には含まれるものの、第一次産業と第二次産業とは大きく異なり、いわゆるサービス業に近い一面を持っている。 (ja)
- '상업'(商業)은 경제적인 가치, 즉 상품이나 서비스나 정보, 또는 돈을 사고 파는 행위로 이익을 추구하는 일이다. 이것은 자본주의를 비롯한 많은 경제 체계의 근본 원리가 된다. (ko)
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- Kommerz ist der veraltete Ausdruck für Handel und Verkehr, heute ist der Begriff negativ konnotiert und wird als Geschäftemacherei oder Profitgier verstanden. (de)
- 商業（しょうぎょう、英: commerce）とは、財やサービスなどの商品を所有している人または存在している場所と、必要としている人または必要としている場所を結びつけることにより利益を得る産業または経済活動である。多くは貨幣の媒介を経て市場や個々の店舗において取引（商取引）という形式をとって行われる。ただし、貨幣や市場などを媒介しない例を含める場合には「交換」と呼ぶこともある。また、「商業的」という場合、「営利を目的として」という意味になる（例：商業的生産）。産業の類には含まれるものの、第一次産業と第二次産業とは大きく異なり、いわゆるサービス業に近い一面を持っている。 (ja)
- '상업'(商業)은 경제적인 가치, 즉 상품이나 서비스나 정보, 또는 돈을 사고 파는 행위로 이익을 추구하는 일이다. 이것은 자본주의를 비롯한 많은 경제 체계의 근본 원리가 된다. (ko)
- Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions directly and indirectly related to the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services among two or more parties within local, regional, national or international economies. More specifically, commerce is not business, but rather the part of business which facilitates the movement and distribution of finished or unfinished but valuable goods and services from the producers to the end consumers on a large scale, as opposed to the sourcing of raw materials and manufacturing of those goods. Commerce is subtly different from trade as well, which is the final transaction, exchange or transfer of finished goods and services between a seller and an end consumer. Commerce not only includes trade (en)
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