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The Antinomian Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. It pitted most of the colony's ministers and magistrates against some adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan minister John Cotton. The most notable Free Grace advocates, often called "Antinomians", were Anne Hutchinson, her brother-in-law Reverend John Wheelwright, and Massachusetts Bay Governor Henry Vane. The controversy was a theological debate concerning the "covenant of grace" and "covenant of works".

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  • The Antinomian Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. It pitted most of the colony's ministers and magistrates against some adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan minister John Cotton. The most notable Free Grace advocates, often called "Antinomians", were Anne Hutchinson, her brother-in-law Reverend John Wheelwright, and Massachusetts Bay Governor Henry Vane. The controversy was a theological debate concerning the "covenant of grace" and "covenant of works". Anne Hutchinson has historically been placed at the center of the controversy, a strong-minded woman who had grown up under the religious guidance of her father Francis Marbury, an Anglican clergyman and school teacher. In England, she embraced the religious views of dynamic Puritan minister John Cotton, who became her mentor; Cotton was forced to leave England and Hutchinson followed him to New England. In Boston, Hutchinson was influential among the settlement's women and hosted them at her house for discussions on the weekly sermons. Eventually, men were included in these gatherings, such as Governor Vane. During the meetings, Hutchinson criticized the colony's ministers, accusing them of preaching a covenant of works as opposed to the covenant of grace espoused by Reverend Cotton. The Colony's orthodox ministers held meetings with Cotton, Wheelwright, and Hutchinson in the fall of 1636. A consensus was not reached, and religious tensions mounted. To ease the situation, the leaders called for a day of fasting and repentance on 19 January 1637. However, Cotton invited Wheelwright to speak at the Boston church during services that day, and his sermon created a furor which deepened the growing division. In March 1637, the court accused Wheelwright of contempt and sedition, but he was not sentenced. His supporters circulated a petition on his behalf, mostly people from the Boston church. The religious controversy had immediate political ramifications. During the election of May 1637, the free grace advocates suffered two major setbacks when John Winthrop defeated Vane in the gubernatorial race, and some Boston magistrates were voted out of office for supporting Hutchinson and Wheelwright. Vane returned to England in August 1637. At the November 1637 court, Wheelwright was sentenced to banishment, and Hutchinson was brought to trial. She defended herself well against the prosecution, but she claimed on the second day of her hearing that she possessed direct personal revelation from God, and she prophesied ruin upon the colony. She was charged with contempt and sedition and banished from the colony, and her departure brought the controversy to a close. The events of 1636 to 1638 are regarded as crucial to an understanding of religion and society in the early colonial history of New England. The idea that Hutchinson played a central role in the controversy went largely unchallenged until 2002, when Michael Winship's account portrayed Cotton, Wheelwright, and Vane as complicit with her. (en)
  • La Controversia antinomiana, o Controversia de gracia libre, fue una controversia religiosa y política en la Colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts desde 1636 hasta 1638. La mayoría de los ministros y magistrados de la colonia se oponían a la teología de gracia libre del ministro puritano John Cotton. Los defensores de gracia libre más notables, con frecuencia llamados los «antinomianos», fueron la carismática Anne Hutchinson, su cuñado el reverendo John Wheelwright y el joven gobernador de la colonia Henry Vane. La controversia fue un debate teológico acerca del «pacto de gracia» y el «pacto de obras». Históricamente, Anne Hutchinson es colocada en el centro de la controversia como una mujer decidida en el movimiento puritano, que había crecido bajo el consejo religioso de su padre Francis Marbury, maestro y clérigo anglicano. En Inglaterra, abrazó la opinión religiosa del ministro puritano John Cotton, quien se convirtió en su mentor; Cotton fue obligado a salir de Inglaterra, y Hutchinson lo siguió a Nueva Inglaterra. En Boston, Hutchinson tenía influencia entre las mujeres del asentamiento y las recibía en su casa para discusiones sobre los sermones semanales. Eventualmente, a estas reuniones se unieron hombres como Henry Vane el joven gobernador de la colonia. Durante las reuniones, Hutchinson criticaba a los ministros de la colonia, acusándolos de predicar «un pacto de obras» en lugar del «pacto de gracia» defendido por el reverendo Cotton. Los ministros ortodoxos de la colonia se reunieron con Cotton, Wheelwright y Hutchinson en el otoño de 1636. No lograron un consenso, y las tensiones religiosas aumentaron. Para aliviar la situación, se anunció un día de ayuno y penitencia el 19 de enero de 1637. Sin embargo, Cotton invitó a Wheelwright a hablar en la iglesia de Boston durante los servicios ese día, y su sermón creó un furor que amplió la división. Wheelwright fue acusado por la corte de desprecio y sedición, pero no fue sentenciado. Sus partidarios, por la mayoría de la iglesia de Boston, circularon una petición en su nombre. La controversia religiosa tuvo efectos inmediatos. Durante la elección de mayo de 1637, los defensores de la gracia libre sufrieron dos retrocesos importantes cuando John Winthrop derrotó a Vane en la elección gubernativa, y los magistrados que apoyaban a Hutchinson y a Wheelright fueron derrotados. Vane volvió a Inglaterra en agosto de 1637. En la corte de noviembre de 1637, Wheelwright fue sentenciado al destierro, y Anne Hutchinson fue juzgada. Se defendió bien contra el fiscal, pero afirmó en el segundo día de su audiencia que poseía la revelación personal de Dios, y profetizó la ruina en la colonia. Fue acusada de desprecio y sedición, y fue desterrada de la colonia. Su salida de la colonia terminó la controversia. Los eventos de 1636 a 1638 son vitales para el emprendimiento de la sociedad y religión de las colonias tempranas de Nueva Inglaterra. (es)
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  • to (en)
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  • Antinomian Controversy (en)
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  • Anne Hutchinson at trial and John Winthrop (en)
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  • Hutchinson-Winthrop.jpg (en)
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  • yes, Julian (en)
dbp:participants
  • Magistrates (en)
  • (en)
  • John Cotton (en)
  • Others (en)
  • John Wilson (en)
  • Thomas Shepard (en)
  • Ministers (en)
  • Anne Hutchinson (en)
  • Followers of Hutchinson and Wheelwright (en)
  • Free Grace Advocates (en)
  • Governor Henry Vane the Younger (en)
  • Hugh Peter (en)
  • John Eliot (en)
  • John Endecott (en)
  • John Wheelwright (en)
  • John Winthrop (en)
  • Thomas Dudley (en)
  • Thomas Weld (en)
dbp:result
  • (en)
  • Anne Hutchinson banished and excommunicated (en)
  • John Wheelwright disfranchised and banished (en)
  • Supporters disarmed, dismissed, disfranchised, or banished (en)
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  • The Antinomian Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. It pitted most of the colony's ministers and magistrates against some adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan minister John Cotton. The most notable Free Grace advocates, often called "Antinomians", were Anne Hutchinson, her brother-in-law Reverend John Wheelwright, and Massachusetts Bay Governor Henry Vane. The controversy was a theological debate concerning the "covenant of grace" and "covenant of works". (en)
  • La Controversia antinomiana, o Controversia de gracia libre, fue una controversia religiosa y política en la Colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts desde 1636 hasta 1638. La mayoría de los ministros y magistrados de la colonia se oponían a la teología de gracia libre del ministro puritano John Cotton. Los defensores de gracia libre más notables, con frecuencia llamados los «antinomianos», fueron la carismática Anne Hutchinson, su cuñado el reverendo John Wheelwright y el joven gobernador de la colonia Henry Vane. La controversia fue un debate teológico acerca del «pacto de gracia» y el «pacto de obras». (es)
rdfs:label
  • Antinomian Controversy (en)
  • Controversia antinomiana (es)
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