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| - Kongres Partai Buruh Demokrat Sosial Rusia ke-2 diadakan pada 30 Juli–23 Agustus (17 Juli–10 Agustus pada Kalender Julian) 1903, yang dimulai di Brussels, Belgia (sampai 6 Agustus) dan berakhir di London. Polisi Belgia memaksa para delegasi untuk meninggalkan negara tersebut, kemungkinan akibat tekanan diplomatik dari Kedutaan Besar Rusia. Kongres tersebut menuntaskan proses pembentukan partai Marxis di Rusia yang diproklamirkan di . (in)
- Il II Congresso del Partito Operaio Socialdemocratico Russo (POSDR) si tenne tra Bruxelles e Londra dal 30 luglio al 23 agosto 1903. Durante il suo svolgimento si registrò la scissione tra la corrente bolscevica e quella menscevica. (it)
- 俄国社会民主工党第二次代表大会，即事实上的苏共二大（俄語：Второй съезд РСДРП）于1903年7月30日至8月23日（旧历7月17日至8月10日）举行。最初于比利时布鲁塞尔开会。后来因为受到俄国驻比利时大使的外交压力，于8月6日将与会代表驱逐出境，与会者随即转至英国伦敦结束剩余会议。 (zh)
- The 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held during July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) 1903, starting in Brussels, Belgium (until August 6) and ending in London. Probably as a result of diplomatic pressure from the Russian Embassy, Belgian police had forced the delegates to leave the country. The congress finalized the creation of the Marxist party in Russia proclaimed at the 1st Congress of the RSDLP. (en)
- El II Congreso del Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata de Rusia (POSDR) tuvo lugar entre el 30 de julio y el 23 de agosto de 1903. Las primeras sesiones (hasta el 6 de agosto) se celebraron en Bruselas, Bélgica, pero ante la inminente intervención de la policía, los delegados se trasladaron a Londres. Asistieron un total de 43 delegados con 51 votos, en representación de 26 organizaciones, con la intención de unificarlas en un solo partido marxista ruso, que se había proclamado formalmente en el I Congreso del POSDR. El congreso debía escoger un programa, elegir a los comités del partido y decidir sobre diversas cuestiones tácticas y organizativas. (es)
- O II Congresso do Partido Operário Social-Democrata Russo ocorreu entre 30 de julho e 23 de agosto de 1903 (no calendário juliano, que na época ainda vigorava na Rússia, entre 17 de julho e 10 de agosto). As primeiras seções (até 5 de agosto) foram realizadas em Bruxelas, Bélgica; porém, diante da eminente intervenção policial, os delegados se dirigiram até Londres. Participaram do congresso 43 delegados com um total de 53 votos, representando 26 organizações, com a intenção de unificá-las em um único partido político de orientação marxista na Rússia, conforme anunciado no em 1898. O congresso deveria elaborar um programa, escolher os comitês do partido e decidir sobre questões táticas e organizacionais. (pt)
- Другий з'їзд РСДРП, відбувся 17 (30) липня — 10 (23) серпня 1903 року. До 6 серпня працював у Брюсселі, проте бельгійська поліція змусила делегатів залишити країну; з'їзд переніс свої засідання до Лондона. Разом відбулось 37 засідань. Скликання з'їзду стало результатом роботи з об'єднання російської революційної соціал-демократії. (uk)
- II съезд Росси́йской социа́л-демократи́ческой рабо́чей па́ртии проходил с 17 (30) июля по 10 (23) августа 1903 года. До 24 июля (6 августа) работал в Брюсселе, но бельгийская полиция вынудила делегатов покинуть страну, и съезд перенёс свои заседания в Лондон. Фактически учредительный съезд РСДРП. Большой вклад в организацию съезда внесла редакция газеты «Искра». На съезде произошёл раскол РСДРП на две фракции: большевиков и меньшевиков, сохранившийся вплоть до полного разделения в 1917 году. (ru)
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| - The 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held during July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) 1903, starting in Brussels, Belgium (until August 6) and ending in London. Probably as a result of diplomatic pressure from the Russian Embassy, Belgian police had forced the delegates to leave the country. The congress finalized the creation of the Marxist party in Russia proclaimed at the 1st Congress of the RSDLP. The Organising Committee for convening the Second Congress of the RSDLP was originally elected at the Białystok Conference held in March (April) 1902, but soon after the conference all the committee members but one were arrested. At Lenin's suggestion, a new Organising Committee was set up at a conference of Social-Democratic committees held in November 1902 in Pskov. On this committee the Iskra-ists had an overwhelming majority. Under Lenin's guidance, the Organising Committee carried out extensive preparatory work for the Second Congress. Draft Regulations for the convening of the Congress were adopted at a plenary session held in Orel in February 1903. Following this plenary session, members of the Organising Committee twice visited the local Party organisations with a view to assisting them in their work. With their participation, the local committees discussed the draft Regulations, after which the Organising Committee finally endorsed the Regulations and approved a list of the local organisations entitled under them to representation at the Congress. The Organising Committee prepared for the Congress a detailed written report on its activities. There were 37 sessions and 51 delegates. Of these, 33 supported Iskra, the party newspaper, 5 backed the Bund and there were 2 economists (Marxists who believed workers should concentrate on economic demands rather than political ones). 6 delegates were neutral. The fourth session asked whether the party should support a dictatorship of the proletariat: all but one of the delegates voted for this, with the economist Akimov in abstention. The Congress saw the RSDLP split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks as a result of a dispute between Lenin and Juliy Martov over the major points of the Party Programme. At the 22nd session, Lenin and Martov disagreed on the wording of the first party rule defining membership. Lenin proposed a party member should be someone "Who recognizes the party's program and supports it by material means and by personal participation in one of the party organisations". Martov's wording was slightly different: "regular personal association under the direction of one of the party organisations". The dispute was about whether the party should have a loose membership or whether it should be a party of professional revolutionaries. Georgi Plekhanov, founder of Russian Marxism, supported Lenin. Leon Trotsky, future leader of the Petrograd Soviet, backed Martov. The congress voted 28–23 in Martov's favour but his support included the 7 Bundists and Economists who would later walk out. This left Lenin's faction in the majority so Lenin called his faction Bolshevik or majoritarian. Martov accepted this, calling his faction Menshevik or minoritarian. At the 27th session, one of the constituent groups of the party—the General Jewish Labour Bund—asked that the Bund would be recognized as the sole representative of the Jewish working class in Russia. A Bundist delegate tabled a motion that all Russian citizens should have the right to use their own language. Lenin and the Iskra group opposed the motion. It was defeated in a tie, 23 votes against 23 votes. However, a similar motion proposed by Noe Zhordania (leader of the Transcaucasian Social Democrats) was passed. Moreover, the Bund proposed that the RSDLP should have a federal structure, with the Bund as a constituent party. This was defeated 41-5 (5 abstentions). Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were united in their opposition to the Bundist proposal, calling it separatist, nationalist and opportunist. After their proposal was rejected, the Bund withdrew from the RSDLP.The two economists also walked out when the congress decided that the Iskraists should represent the party abroad. The 2nd Central Committee was elected. Its three members (Lengnik, Noskov and Gleb Krzhizhanovsky) were all Lenin's supporters. Iskra's editorial board became the party's Central Organ and was cut from six to three members (Lenin, Plekhanov and Martov). (en)
- El II Congreso del Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata de Rusia (POSDR) tuvo lugar entre el 30 de julio y el 23 de agosto de 1903. Las primeras sesiones (hasta el 6 de agosto) se celebraron en Bruselas, Bélgica, pero ante la inminente intervención de la policía, los delegados se trasladaron a Londres. Asistieron un total de 43 delegados con 51 votos, en representación de 26 organizaciones, con la intención de unificarlas en un solo partido marxista ruso, que se había proclamado formalmente en el I Congreso del POSDR. El congreso debía escoger un programa, elegir a los comités del partido y decidir sobre diversas cuestiones tácticas y organizativas. Durante este congreso, se configuraron dos facciones: una mayoría denominada bolchevique (del ruso Большевик, «miembro de la mayoría»), en torno a Lenin, que logró la aprobación de gran parte del programa propuesto por Iskra, y una minoría menchevique (del ruso Меньшевик, «miembro de la minoría») en torno al hasta ese momento iskraísta Yuli Mártov. El nombre se debía a la victoria temporal de los partidarios de Lenin en algunas votaciones del congreso. A la hora de aprobar los estatutos, Mártov venció a los leninistas que proponían que para ser miembro del partido se necesitaba formar parte de una de sus organizaciones. Mártov expuso su postura sobre a quién debía permitírsele ingresar en el partido: todo simpatizante de los ideales socialdemócratas debía poder pertenecer a él y tener voz en las decisiones del mismo. Lenin, por el contrario, sostuvo que solo revolucionarios profesionales, dedicados totalmente a la causa revolucionaria, debían ser miembros del partido. Pero, al abandonar el Bund el congreso tras no aceptarse que eran la «única representación de los obreros judíos de Rusia» y al retirarse dos economicistas porque el Congreso se negó a concederles la representación del Partido fuera de Rusia —creada por ellos—, la correlación de fuerzas se invirtió y los leninistas quedaron en mayoría a la hora de elegir el Comité Central y la junta editorial de Iskra (órgano ideológico del partido). En vista de ello, los mencheviques crearon su propia organización, paralela a la conformada en el congreso. Plejánov trató de conciliar las dos fracciones e invitó a la redacción de Iskra a los mencheviques poco después, lo que condujo a la renuncia de Lenin y la conversión de ese periódico en órgano del menchevismo, mientras el bolchevismo se expresaba desde el Comité Central. (es)
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