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Параллельный импорт Import równoległy leków Parallel import 平行進口貨品 Parallelimport Importation parallèle Parallellimport 병행 수입
rdfs:comment
Le terme importation parallèle désigne un bien qui n'a pas subi de contrefaçon, mais qui est importé d'un autre pays sans l'autorisation du détenteur de la propriété intellectuelle. Ces biens sont souvent écoulés sur le « marché gris » et sont souvent en cause lors de litiges sur le commerce international et la propriété intellectuelle. L'importation parallèle survient principalement pour deux raisons : Parallelimporte sind im Außenhandel Importe durch Dritte und nicht durch den Hersteller, die auf dem Inlandsmarkt parallel zu den dort vom Hersteller vertriebenen identischen Gütern angeboten werden. Import równoległy leków, handel równoległy lekami – zgodna z prawem forma obrotu towarami między krajami Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego (EOG). Nazywany jest „równoległym”, ponieważ odbywa się równolegle do kanałów dystrybucyjnych producentów, a jednocześnie dotyczy tych samych produktów leczniczych, zarejestrowanych w kraju docelowym. Licencjonowane hurtownie farmaceutyczne kupują leki w kraju, gdzie są one tańsze i sprzedają tam, gdzie ich cena jest wyższa. A parallel import is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as grey product and are implicated in issues of international trade, and intellectual property. Parallel importing is based on concept of exhaustion of intellectual property rights; according to this concept, when the product is first launched on the market in a particular jurisdiction, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. Some countries allow it but others do not. Параллельный импорт — ввоз в страну товаров без согласия правообладателя товарного знака (то есть «параллельно» «официальному» импорту таких товаров через дилеров, уполномоченных правообладателем). Такие товары часто называют товарами «серого рынка». Правовое регулирование данного вопроса неодинаково в различных государствах. 平行進口貨品（英語：parallel import），或平行輸入貨品，一般俗稱水貨，為無經由正式進口的貨品。相對地，經由正式代理商進口的貨品則俗稱行貨。水貨未必等同于冒牌货，但是因為來源不明，所以有買到仿冒品的風險，因為無經由總公司直接或者間接授權的代理商入口，所以若商品有問題可能求助無門。販售「水貨」因夾雜「製造合法」與「輸入非法」的行為，又通稱為「灰色市場」（gray market）。視乎各地法例而定，某一商品的水貨在某國家或地區可能被禁止銷售。 水貨的售價一般比較行貨便宜，這可能是由於貨品在不同國家的價格有差距，或者水貨商的成本較行貨為低。但是如果該貨品在銷售地仍然未推出，水貨的售價則可能比較原產地為高。 水貨與行貨的分別一般在售後服務上，行貨電子、電器產品一般都附有有期限的免費或收費保修服務，由代理商提供。水貨則可能完全沒有保修服务，或由水貨進口商提供。通常這些保養，只是在貨品損壞後由水貨進口商代為把貨品運回輸出國作維修，或由進口商自行提供維修服務。一些代理商則是在消費者自行負擔費用的前提下，提供水貨的維修服務。有的廠商對於其產品提供全球保固服務，則水貨可和行貨享有相同的售後服務。 병행수입(Parallel importation)은 국내의 상표권자 또는 전용사용권자의 허락없이 제3자가 다른 유통경로를 통하여 진정상품을 수입하는 것을 말한다. 무역관련 지적재산권에 관한 협정(TRIPs) 제6조는 권리 소진의 문제를 분쟁해결대상으로 하지 않을 것을 명시함으로써 간접적으로 각국의 병행수입제도 채택 자유를 인정하고 있다. 미국 · 유럽 · 일본 · 대한민국은 병행 수입의 유효성을 인정하고 있다. Parallellimport innebär införsel av ett godkänt läkemedel från ett annat land inom det Europeiska ekonomiska samarbetsområdet (EES). För att parallellimport ska få förekomma måste den vara godkänd av Läkemedelsverket.
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Import równoległy leków, handel równoległy lekami – zgodna z prawem forma obrotu towarami między krajami Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego (EOG). Nazywany jest „równoległym”, ponieważ odbywa się równolegle do kanałów dystrybucyjnych producentów, a jednocześnie dotyczy tych samych produktów leczniczych, zarejestrowanych w kraju docelowym. Licencjonowane hurtownie farmaceutyczne kupują leki w kraju, gdzie są one tańsze i sprzedają tam, gdzie ich cena jest wyższa. Параллельный импорт — ввоз в страну товаров без согласия правообладателя товарного знака (то есть «параллельно» «официальному» импорту таких товаров через дилеров, уполномоченных правообладателем). Такие товары часто называют товарами «серого рынка». Правовое регулирование данного вопроса неодинаково в различных государствах. Parallellimport innebär införsel av ett godkänt läkemedel från ett annat land inom det Europeiska ekonomiska samarbetsområdet (EES). För att parallellimport ska få förekomma måste den vara godkänd av Läkemedelsverket. A parallel import is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as grey product and are implicated in issues of international trade, and intellectual property. Parallel importing is based on concept of exhaustion of intellectual property rights; according to this concept, when the product is first launched on the market in a particular jurisdiction, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. Some countries allow it but others do not. Parallel importing of pharmaceuticals reduces price of pharmaceuticals by introducing competition; TRIPS agreement in Article 6 states that this practice cannot be challenged under the WTO dispute settlement system and so is effectively a matter of national discretion. The practice of parallel importing is often advocated in the case of software, music, printed texts and electronic products, and occurs for several reasons: 1. * Different versions of a product are produced for sale in different markets. For example, the UK edition of Top Gear Magazine is officially sold in the UK, and Top Gear Australia is officially sold in Australia. However, some unofficial distributors in Australia also sell the UK edition of Top Gear Magazine. 2. * Companies, either the manufacturer or the distributor, set different price points for their products in different markets. Parallel importers ordinarily purchase products in one country at a price (P1) which is cheaper than the price at which they are sold in a second country (P2), import the products into the second country, and benefitting from arbitrage, sell the products in that country at a price which is usually between P1 and P2. 3. * Consumers who are able to obtain more competitively priced items and may be able to avoid local sales taxes, are placed on an even footing with consumers who have less access to overseas sales online. 4. * Some advocacy groups support parallel importing on the grounds of enhancing the free flow of information. Le terme importation parallèle désigne un bien qui n'a pas subi de contrefaçon, mais qui est importé d'un autre pays sans l'autorisation du détenteur de la propriété intellectuelle. Ces biens sont souvent écoulés sur le « marché gris » et sont souvent en cause lors de litiges sur le commerce international et la propriété intellectuelle. L'importation parallèle survient principalement pour deux raisons : 1. * Différentes versions d'un même produit sont fabriquées pour différents marchés (par exemple, le magazine Elle existe en versions française et canadienne). 2. * Des sociétés vendent le même produit à deux prix différents selon le marché. Dans un marché, le prix est P1, alors que dans l'autre, il est P2, moins élevé. Si la différence est importante, des revendeurs achèteront le produit à P2 pour le revendre à P1. Parallelimporte sind im Außenhandel Importe durch Dritte und nicht durch den Hersteller, die auf dem Inlandsmarkt parallel zu den dort vom Hersteller vertriebenen identischen Gütern angeboten werden. 병행수입(Parallel importation)은 국내의 상표권자 또는 전용사용권자의 허락없이 제3자가 다른 유통경로를 통하여 진정상품을 수입하는 것을 말한다. 무역관련 지적재산권에 관한 협정(TRIPs) 제6조는 권리 소진의 문제를 분쟁해결대상으로 하지 않을 것을 명시함으로써 간접적으로 각국의 병행수입제도 채택 자유를 인정하고 있다. 미국 · 유럽 · 일본 · 대한민국은 병행 수입의 유효성을 인정하고 있다. 平行進口貨品（英語：parallel import），或平行輸入貨品，一般俗稱水貨，為無經由正式進口的貨品。相對地，經由正式代理商進口的貨品則俗稱行貨。水貨未必等同于冒牌货，但是因為來源不明，所以有買到仿冒品的風險，因為無經由總公司直接或者間接授權的代理商入口，所以若商品有問題可能求助無門。販售「水貨」因夾雜「製造合法」與「輸入非法」的行為，又通稱為「灰色市場」（gray market）。視乎各地法例而定，某一商品的水貨在某國家或地區可能被禁止銷售。 水貨的售價一般比較行貨便宜，這可能是由於貨品在不同國家的價格有差距，或者水貨商的成本較行貨為低。但是如果該貨品在銷售地仍然未推出，水貨的售價則可能比較原產地為高。 水貨與行貨的分別一般在售後服務上，行貨電子、電器產品一般都附有有期限的免費或收費保修服務，由代理商提供。水貨則可能完全沒有保修服务，或由水貨進口商提供。通常這些保養，只是在貨品損壞後由水貨進口商代為把貨品運回輸出國作維修，或由進口商自行提供維修服務。一些代理商則是在消費者自行負擔費用的前提下，提供水貨的維修服務。有的廠商對於其產品提供全球保固服務，則水貨可和行貨享有相同的售後服務。
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