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Multiple master fonts 多重母版字型 Multiple Master Fonts Fonte Multiple master Multiple master písmo
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Multiple master písmo (anglicky multiple master font, zkráceně MM) je rozšíření Postscript Type 1 písma firmy Adobe Systems z roku 1992. Jako první taková písma vyšla Minion MM a Myriad MM Carol Twomblyové. Nástupcem tohoto rozšíření jsou , která byla představena v roce 2016 jako rozšíření formátu OpenType (verze 1.8). Multiple Master Fonts sind eine Variation des Postscript-Type1-Formates. Sie tragen den Zusatz „MM“ im Fontnamen. Im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Einzelschnitten einer Schriftart (z. B. regular, kursiv, fett und fett kursiv) bieten Multiple Master Fonts die Möglichkeit, beliebige Variationen einer Schriftart durch den Anwender zu generieren. Welche Eigenschaften änderbar sind, ist von Schriftart zu Schriftart unterschiedlich – typisch sind zum Beispiel Strichstärke, Weite der Buchstaben und optische Größen. Einige Schriftarten können sogar Zwischenstufen aus Antiqua und Grotesk generieren. Der Anwender kann über Schieberegler die gewünschten Eigenschaften einstellen und daraus eine Schriftart-Instanz generieren, die sich dann wie eine reguläre Schriftart in den Anwendungsprogrammen einsetzen 多重母版字型（Multiple master fonts，或简称MM字型）是Adobe系统的Type 1 Postscript字型的扩展版本，现在被OpenType所取代；OpenType 1.8中引入OpenType字体变化，称为可变字体，也是MM字型的更新版本。 多重母版字型包含两个或多个“字体母版”（即原始字体样式），用户可以在这些字体母版之间沿着一个连续的“轴”范围内进行插值。只要有适当的应用程序支持，这些坐标轴可以根据需要进行调整。 使用多重母版字体的原目的是让设计师可以动态生成所需要的精确宽度、笔画粗细和光学大小的样式，而不会失去字形的完整性和可读性。 这种效果类似于插值变形，因为设计师可以在两种样式之间选择一种中间样式，例如通过在粗体和常规样式之间生成半粗字体，或者延伸其中一个字重趋势来制作超细体或超粗体。 这个想法已经被URW++等公司实践，但Adobe希望在更大程度上开发这项技术。 2016年，Adobe、谷歌、苹果和微软宣布对OpenType规范进行更新，首次允许可变字型的技术使用。 可变字型允许用户从一个单一字型文件中程序化自定义需要的风格，类似于多重母版字型的概念。 Une fonte Multiples master (fonte MM) est une fonte de caractères dont le format est une extension du format de fontes PostScript Type 1 d’Adobe Systems, contenant un ou plusieurs versions dites maitres (masters) — c'est-à-dire styles de fontes originaux — et permettent à l’utilisateur d’interpoler ces styles de fontes le long d’étendue continue d’axes. Ces axes (le gras, la largeur, la taille optique, etc.) peuvent être ajustés selon les besoins dans les applications capables d’utiliser ce format de fonte. Elles sont maintenant majoritairement remplacées par le format plus avancé OpenType. Multiple master fonts (or MM fonts) are an extension to Adobe Systems' Type 1 PostScript fonts, now superseded by the advent of OpenType and, in particular, the introduction of OpenType Font Variations in OpenType 1.8, also called variable fonts. Multiple master fonts contain two or more "masters"—that is, original font styles—and enable a user to interpolate between these masters along a continuous range of "axes." With proper application support, these axes could be adjusted on demand.
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多重母版字型（Multiple master fonts，或简称MM字型）是Adobe系统的Type 1 Postscript字型的扩展版本，现在被OpenType所取代；OpenType 1.8中引入OpenType字体变化，称为可变字体，也是MM字型的更新版本。 多重母版字型包含两个或多个“字体母版”（即原始字体样式），用户可以在这些字体母版之间沿着一个连续的“轴”范围内进行插值。只要有适当的应用程序支持，这些坐标轴可以根据需要进行调整。 使用多重母版字体的原目的是让设计师可以动态生成所需要的精确宽度、笔画粗细和光学大小的样式，而不会失去字形的完整性和可读性。 这种效果类似于插值变形，因为设计师可以在两种样式之间选择一种中间样式，例如通过在粗体和常规样式之间生成半粗字体，或者延伸其中一个字重趋势来制作超细体或超粗体。 这个想法已经被URW++等公司实践，但Adobe希望在更大程度上开发这项技术。 Adobe在多重母版字型技术方面的目标是让用户通过调整字体粗细或笔画宽度等参数，为特定情况准确生成他们所需的字体。然而，多重母版字型并不受商业使用者欢迎，因为重新编写客户桌面出版软件来支持多重母版字型非常困难，而且字体设计师通常更喜欢发布特定重量和样式的字体，即经过单独调校的字体文件。 然而，多重母版的概念仍然在字体设计工作室大量使用，允许设计师快速生成一系列的字重和样式，然后单独优化它们。因此，“多重母版”经常被视为一个通用术语，用来描述插值式的字型设计方法，而不一定是指Adobe的多重母版字型技术。 2016年，Adobe、谷歌、苹果和微软宣布对OpenType规范进行更新，首次允许可变字型的技术使用。 可变字型允许用户从一个单一字型文件中程序化自定义需要的风格，类似于多重母版字型的概念。 Multiple master fonts (or MM fonts) are an extension to Adobe Systems' Type 1 PostScript fonts, now superseded by the advent of OpenType and, in particular, the introduction of OpenType Font Variations in OpenType 1.8, also called variable fonts. Multiple master fonts contain two or more "masters"—that is, original font styles—and enable a user to interpolate between these masters along a continuous range of "axes." With proper application support, these axes could be adjusted on demand. The intention was that using multiple master fonts, a designer can generate a style of the exact width, thickness and optical size wanted, without losing the integrity or readability of the character glyphs. The effect is similar to morphing, as a designer can choose an intermediate between two styles, for example generating a semibold font by compromising between a bold and regular style, or perhaps extend a trend to create an ultra-light or ultra-bold. This idea was not new, having been used by companies such as URW++, but Adobe hoped to develop the technology to a greater extent. Adobe's goal in multiple master font technology was to allow end-users of fonts to create the exact font they needed for a situation, by adjusting parameters such as boldness or width. However, multiple master fonts proved unpopular in consumer-facing use due to the difficulty of writing (or rewriting) consumer desktop publishing applications to support them, and because font designers have generally preferred to release fonts in specific weights and styles, as font files that have been individually fine-tuned. However, the multiple master concept remains heavily used at font design studios, allowing designers to generate a range of weights and styles quickly and then optimise them individually. 'Multiple master' may therefore often be seen as a generic term describing interpolated font design generally, not necessarily using Adobe technology. In 2016, Adobe, Google, Apple and Microsoft announced a new update to the OpenType specification, allowing variable fonts. Similar to the multiple master concept, this will allow custom styles to be generated from a single font file programatically. Multiple master písmo (anglicky multiple master font, zkráceně MM) je rozšíření Postscript Type 1 písma firmy Adobe Systems z roku 1992. Jako první taková písma vyšla Minion MM a Myriad MM Carol Twomblyové. V roce 2002 představilo Adobe ve spolupráci s Microsoftem nový písmový formát OpenType. Tento formát měl šanci se dostat k více koncovým uživatelům a proto se Adobe rozhodlo soustředit spíše na něj a ukončit podporu multiple master písem. Své vydané MM písma vydala převedená na OpenType písma v několika rodinách, dle množství nastavitelných os v původním formátu. I přesto je tato technologie stále využívána typografy při návrzích nových písem. Nástupcem tohoto rozšíření jsou , která byla představena v roce 2016 jako rozšíření formátu OpenType (verze 1.8). Une fonte Multiples master (fonte MM) est une fonte de caractères dont le format est une extension du format de fontes PostScript Type 1 d’Adobe Systems, contenant un ou plusieurs versions dites maitres (masters) — c'est-à-dire styles de fontes originaux — et permettent à l’utilisateur d’interpoler ces styles de fontes le long d’étendue continue d’axes. Ces axes (le gras, la largeur, la taille optique, etc.) peuvent être ajustés selon les besoins dans les applications capables d’utiliser ce format de fonte. Elles sont maintenant majoritairement remplacées par le format plus avancé OpenType. Multiple Master Fonts sind eine Variation des Postscript-Type1-Formates. Sie tragen den Zusatz „MM“ im Fontnamen. Im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Einzelschnitten einer Schriftart (z. B. regular, kursiv, fett und fett kursiv) bieten Multiple Master Fonts die Möglichkeit, beliebige Variationen einer Schriftart durch den Anwender zu generieren. Welche Eigenschaften änderbar sind, ist von Schriftart zu Schriftart unterschiedlich – typisch sind zum Beispiel Strichstärke, Weite der Buchstaben und optische Größen. Einige Schriftarten können sogar Zwischenstufen aus Antiqua und Grotesk generieren. Der Anwender kann über Schieberegler die gewünschten Eigenschaften einstellen und daraus eine Schriftart-Instanz generieren, die sich dann wie eine reguläre Schriftart in den Anwendungsprogrammen einsetzen lässt. Multiple Master Fonts konnten sich nie auf breiter Front durchsetzen und werden heute von Adobe selbst nicht mehr weiterentwickelt oder vertrieben, behalten jedoch eine gewisse Bedeutung als flexible Ersatzschrift im Adobe Reader. In Mac OS X werden Multiple Master Fonts zwar noch unterstützt, man kann aber keine beliebigen Instanzen mehr aus der Anwendung heraus generieren.
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