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Locard's exchange principle Locardův princip výměny ロカールの交換原理 罗卡定律 Teoria de Locard Locard’sche Regel Principe d'échange de Locard
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罗卡定律（英文：Locard exchange principle, Locard's theory），也称罗卡交换定律，是法国法医学家、犯罪学家埃德蒙·罗卡（Edmond Locard）创建的，其理论在于“凡两个物体接触，必会产生转移现象”（with contact between two items, there will always be an exchange）。其用于犯罪现场调查中，行为人（犯罪嫌疑者）必然会带走一些东西，亦会留下一些东西。即现场必会留下微量迹证。 Le principe d'échange de Locard, énoncé par le pionnier de la police scientifique Edmond Locard, détermine que lorsque deux corps entrent en contact l'un avec l'autre, il y a nécessairement un transfert entre ceux-ci. En d'autres termes, lorsqu'un acte criminel se produit, l'individu responsable laisse des traces de sa présence et emporte avec lui des traces du lieu où il se trouvait. In forensic science, Locard's principle holds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it, and that both can be used as forensic evidence. Dr. Edmond Locard (1877–1966) was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the Sherlock Holmes of Lyon, France. He formulated the basic principle of forensic science as: "Every contact leaves a trace". It is generally understood as "with contact between two items, there will be an exchange." Paul L. Kirk expressed the principle as follows: Locardův princip výměny, známý také jako Locardova teorie, byl postulován forenzním vědcem Edmondem Locardem. Locard byl ředitelem první kriminální laboratoře ve francouzském Lyonu. Locardův princip výměny říká, že "s kontaktem mezi dvěma body bude probíhat výměna", protože každý kontakt zanechá stopu. A teoria de Locard (do , Locard exchange principle, ou Locard's theory) foi postulada pelo cientista forense Edmond Locard. Locard foi o director do primeiro laboratório forense, localizado em Lyon, França. A teoria exprime que "através do contacto entre dois items, irá haver uma permuta (Thorton, 1997). Basicamente a teoria de Locard, ou o princípio de Locard é aplicável nas cenas do crime, no qual o interveniente (ou intervenientes) da cena do crime entra em contacto com a própria cena onde o crime foi executado, trazendo algo para a cena do crime. Cada contacto deixa o seu rasto. ロカールの交換原理（ロカールのこうかんげんり、英語：Locard's exchange principle）とは、とある異なる物体が接触する時、一方から他方へその接触した事実を示す何らかの痕跡が必ず残されるという原理。ロカールの法則（ロカールのほうそく）とも呼ばれる。エドモンド・ロカールにより提唱される。犯罪学の初歩である。 Die Locard’sche Regel, auch das Locard’sche Prinzip genannt, ist eines der wichtigsten Prinzipien der modernen Forensik. Sie besagt, dass kein Kontakt zwischen zwei Objekten vollzogen werden kann, ohne dass diese wechselseitige Spuren hinterlassen.
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ロカールの交換原理（ロカールのこうかんげんり、英語：Locard's exchange principle）とは、とある異なる物体が接触する時、一方から他方へその接触した事実を示す何らかの痕跡が必ず残されるという原理。ロカールの法則（ロカールのほうそく）とも呼ばれる。エドモンド・ロカールにより提唱される。犯罪学の初歩である。 Locardův princip výměny, známý také jako Locardova teorie, byl postulován forenzním vědcem Edmondem Locardem. Locard byl ředitelem první kriminální laboratoře ve francouzském Lyonu. Locardův princip výměny říká, že "s kontaktem mezi dvěma body bude probíhat výměna", protože každý kontakt zanechá stopu. V podstatě je Locardův princip aplikován na místo činu, ve kterém je pachatel podezřelý ze spáchání trestného činu, přichází do kontaktu s prostředím, takže pachatel přinesl něco ze sebe na místo činu a odnesl si něco na sobě z místa činu. Kamkoliv šlápne, kdekoliv se dotkne, byť pak hned odejde, tyto činy budou sloužit proti němu. Nejen jeho otisky prstů či stopy, ale i jeho vlasy, vlákna z jeho oblečení, sklo které rozbije, předměty které zanechá, škrábance z kterých ukápne krev, i když by ji setřel, DNA stále zůstane. To jsou lidská selhání, která stačí najít, prozkoumat a pochopit je. Samozřejmostí je následná analýza. Takovéto úkony nás vždy dovedou k té správné osobě. In forensic science, Locard's principle holds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it, and that both can be used as forensic evidence. Dr. Edmond Locard (1877–1966) was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the Sherlock Holmes of Lyon, France. He formulated the basic principle of forensic science as: "Every contact leaves a trace". It is generally understood as "with contact between two items, there will be an exchange." Paul L. Kirk expressed the principle as follows: Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibres from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value. Fragmentary or trace evidence is any type of material left at (or taken from) a crime scene, or the result of contact between two surfaces, such as shoes and the floor covering or soil, or fibres from where someone sat on an upholstered chair. When a crime is committed, fragmentary (or trace) evidence needs to be collected from the scene. A team of specialised police technicians goes to the scene of the crime and seals it off. They record video and take photographs of the crime scene, victim/s (if there are any) and items of evidence. If necessary, they undertake ballistics examinations. They check for foot, shoe, and tire mark impressions, plus hair as well as examine any vehicles and check for fingerprints – whole or partial. 罗卡定律（英文：Locard exchange principle, Locard's theory），也称罗卡交换定律，是法国法医学家、犯罪学家埃德蒙·罗卡（Edmond Locard）创建的，其理论在于“凡两个物体接触，必会产生转移现象”（with contact between two items, there will always be an exchange）。其用于犯罪现场调查中，行为人（犯罪嫌疑者）必然会带走一些东西，亦会留下一些东西。即现场必会留下微量迹证。 Le principe d'échange de Locard, énoncé par le pionnier de la police scientifique Edmond Locard, détermine que lorsque deux corps entrent en contact l'un avec l'autre, il y a nécessairement un transfert entre ceux-ci. En d'autres termes, lorsqu'un acte criminel se produit, l'individu responsable laisse des traces de sa présence et emporte avec lui des traces du lieu où il se trouvait. Die Locard’sche Regel, auch das Locard’sche Prinzip genannt, ist eines der wichtigsten Prinzipien der modernen Forensik. Sie besagt, dass kein Kontakt zwischen zwei Objekten vollzogen werden kann, ohne dass diese wechselseitige Spuren hinterlassen. A teoria de Locard (do , Locard exchange principle, ou Locard's theory) foi postulada pelo cientista forense Edmond Locard. Locard foi o director do primeiro laboratório forense, localizado em Lyon, França. A teoria exprime que "através do contacto entre dois items, irá haver uma permuta (Thorton, 1997). Basicamente a teoria de Locard, ou o princípio de Locard é aplicável nas cenas do crime, no qual o interveniente (ou intervenientes) da cena do crime entra em contacto com a própria cena onde o crime foi executado, trazendo algo para a cena do crime. Cada contacto deixa o seu rasto. O princípio da troca de Locard foi também expresso da seguinte forma: quaisquer que sejam os passos, quaisquer objectos tocados por ele, o que quer que seja que ele deixe, mesmo que inconscientemente, servirá como uma testemunha silenciosa contra ele. Não apenas as suas pegadas ou dedadas, mas o seu cabelo, as fibras das suas calças, os vidros que ele porventura parta, a marca da ferramenta que ele deixe, a tinta que ele arranhe, o sangue ou sémen que deixe. Tudo isto, e muito mais, carrega um testemunho contra ele. Esta prova não se esquece. É distinta da excitação do momento. Não é ausente como as testemunhas humanas são. Constituem, per se, numa evidência factual.A evidência física não pode estar errada, não pode cometer perjúrio por si própria, não se pode tornar ausente. Cabe aos humanos, procurá-la, estudá-la e compreendê-la, apenas os humanos podem diminuir o seu valor."— Paul Kirk Crime Investigation: Physical Evidence and the Police Laboratory (1953) Os fragmentos das provas são qualquer tipo de material deixado pelo criminoso (ou tiradas pelo mesmo) a cena do crime, ou o resultado do contacto entre duas superfícies, tais como sapatos e o soalho ou solo. Quando um crime é cometido, as evidências precisam de ser colectadas da cena. Uma equipe de polícia especializada vai até a cena do crime e selam-no. Gravam as imagens e tiram fotografias da cena do crime, e da vítima (caso haja), e todos os vestigios que constituam uma evidência / prova. Se necessário examinam as armas e balas. Procuram pegadas de sapatos, ou de pneus, examinam veículos e impressões digitais. Cada item encontrado é colocado num saco ou contentor esterilizado, etiquetado para posterior.
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