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Chola art and architecture فن وعمارة تشولا
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The period of the imperial Cholas (c. 850 CE - 1250 CE) in South India was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of Chola art and architecture. They utilised the wealth earned through their extensive conquests in building long-lasting stone temples and exquisite bronze sculptures, in an almost exclusively Hindu cultural setting. كانت فترة إمبراطورية تشولا (نحو 850-1250 م) في جنوب الهند عصرًا من التحسين والصقل المستمرين للفن والعمارة الدرفيدية. استخدموا الثروة المكتسبة من غزواتهم الواسعة في بناء معابد حجرية دامت طويلًا ومنحوتات برونزية رائعة، في بيئة ثقافية هندوسية حصرًا تقريبًا. بنى حكام تشولا بالإضافة إلى معابدهم العديد من المباني مثل المستشفيات ومباني المرافق العامة والقصور. ذكرت العديد من هذه المباني في نقوشهم وفي الروايات المعاصرة لهم. مثل القصر الذهبي الذي يفترض أن أديتيا كاريكالا بناه لوالده سوندارا تشولا. ولكن، بُنيت هذه المباني من مواد سريعة التلف مثل الأخشاب والطوب المحروق ولم تنجو من عوامل التلف الزمنية.
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The period of the imperial Cholas (c. 850 CE - 1250 CE) in South India was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of Chola art and architecture. They utilised the wealth earned through their extensive conquests in building long-lasting stone temples and exquisite bronze sculptures, in an almost exclusively Hindu cultural setting. The Cholas built their temples in the traditional way of the Pallava dynasty, who were themselves influenced by the Amaravati school of architecture. The Chola artists and artisans further drew their influences from other contemporary art and architectural schools and elevated the Chola temple design to greater heights. The Chola kings built numerous temples throughout their kingdom, which normally comprised the plains, Central and Northern Tamil Nadu and at times the entire state of Tamil Nadu as also adjoining parts of modern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In the evolution of the Chola temple architecture we can roughly see three major phases, beginning with the early phase, starting with Vijayalaya Chola and continuing till Sundara Chola, the middle phase of Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola when the achievements scaled heights never reached before or since and the final phase during the Chalukya Chola period of Kulottunga I till the demise of the Chola empire. The Cholas in addition to their temples, also built many buildings such as hospitals, public utility buildings and palaces. Many such buildings find mention in their inscriptions and in contemporary accounts. The golden palace that Aditya Karikala supposedly built for his father Sundara Chola is an example of such a building. However, such buildings were of perishable materials such as timber and fired bricks and have not survived the ravages of time. كانت فترة إمبراطورية تشولا (نحو 850-1250 م) في جنوب الهند عصرًا من التحسين والصقل المستمرين للفن والعمارة الدرفيدية. استخدموا الثروة المكتسبة من غزواتهم الواسعة في بناء معابد حجرية دامت طويلًا ومنحوتات برونزية رائعة، في بيئة ثقافية هندوسية حصرًا تقريبًا. بنى حكام تشولا معابدهم بالطريقة التقليدية لسلالة بالافا، الذين تأثروا بمدرسة أمارافاتي للعمارة. استمد فنانو وحرفيو تشولا تأثيراتهم أيضًا من المدارس الفنية والمعمارية المعاصرة لهم، وارتقوا بتصميم المعابد الدرفيدية إلى آفاق أعلى. بنى ملوك تشولا العديد من المعابد في جميع أنحاء مملكتهم، والتي ضمت عادةً سهول ووسط وشمال ولاية تاميل نادو، وتاميل نادو بأكملها أحيانًا وكذلك الأجزاء المجاورة من ولايتي كارناتاكا وأندرا برديش الحديثتين. يمكن ملاحظة ثلاث مراحل رئيسية تقريبًا في تطور معمارية معابد تشولا، تبدأ المرحلة الأولى من فترة حكم فيجايالايا تشولا وتستمر حتى حكم سوندارا تشولا، وتمتد المرحلة الوسطى من حكم راجاراجا تشولا حتى حكم راجندرا تشولا، وقد وصلت إنجازاتها إلى مرحلة لم تصل إليها مسبقًا أو لاحقًا، تمتد المرحلة الأخيرة خلال فترة تشالوكيا تشولا منذ حكم كولوتونغا تشولا الأول حتى زوال إمبراطورية تشولا. بنى حكام تشولا بالإضافة إلى معابدهم العديد من المباني مثل المستشفيات ومباني المرافق العامة والقصور. ذكرت العديد من هذه المباني في نقوشهم وفي الروايات المعاصرة لهم. مثل القصر الذهبي الذي يفترض أن أديتيا كاريكالا بناه لوالده سوندارا تشولا. ولكن، بُنيت هذه المباني من مواد سريعة التلف مثل الأخشاب والطوب المحروق ولم تنجو من عوامل التلف الزمنية.
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