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The Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA), more popularly Wenela, was set up by the gold mines in South Africa as a recruiting agency for migrant workers. Eventually, it comprised a large organisation with its own depots, buses and aeroplanes spread over the whole of Southern Africa: South Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland, South West Africa, Bechuanaland, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Angola, Mozambique, extending into the Belgian Congo and Tanganyika. Tours were usually six months, but many men spent their entire working lives as migrant workers.

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  • The Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA), more popularly Wenela, was set up by the gold mines in South Africa as a recruiting agency for migrant workers. Eventually, it comprised a large organisation with its own depots, buses and aeroplanes spread over the whole of Southern Africa: South Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland, South West Africa, Bechuanaland, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Angola, Mozambique, extending into the Belgian Congo and Tanganyika. Each depot had administrative and medical staff and a "barracks" to house recruits both before departure and on their return. Some had clinics and even schools, where the recruits were taught Fanagalo, the lingua franca of Southern Africa (fifteen hours of tuition was enough to be useful) and then the rudiments of mining. Tours were usually six months, but many men spent their entire working lives as migrant workers. This author is writing of the North West then part of Northern Rhodesia:"The Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA) recruited systematically in the 1940s and 1950s, using permanent local agents, a system of barges which penetrated all of the major rivers of the region, and out-stations where workers were housed until they could be brought into the Boma for transportation. At the Boma WNLA maintained its own gardens and cattle herds as well as substantial hostels. In Northern Rhodesia, the government had a hut tax of quite a small amount, payable annually for each hut. It was a form of "tribal initiation" for every young man to go down to the mines for at least one tour to bring back enough money to pay the hut tax for the entire village. (en)
  • A WENELA, nome pela qual é popularmente conhecida em Moçambique a Witwatersrand Native Labor Association (WNLA) foi uma empresa fundada em 1901 pela indústria mineira sul-africana com o objectivo de recrutar trabalhadores para as sua minas. A empresa expandiu a sua actividade a quase toda a África Austral, detendo os seus próprios depósitos e meios de transporte, além de clínicas e escolas. Desde a sua abertura que as minas de ouro sul-africanas se debatiam com falta de mão-de-obra e Moçambique era uma fonte próxima havendo vários acordos entre os governos sul-africanos e o colonial português. Regista-se assim, o Acordo de 1897 entre Portugal e o Transvaal. O Modus Vivendi de 1901, um acordo secreto, outorgou o monopólio do recrutamento de mão-de-obra moçambicana à recém constituída WENELA, um monopólio que duraria até 1965, quando o governo colonial permitiu a entrada de três firmas de capitais portugueses no negócio. Este acordo foi formalizado por uma convenção em 1909 e actualizado por um acordo em 1928. De notar que os acordos limitavam o recrutamento pela WENELA ao território Moçambicano a sul do paralelo 22º sul, embora tenha havido recrutamento a norte dessa linha pela Companhia do Niassa entre 1903 e 1913. Também limitaram o recrutamento anual de moçambicanos a 100 000 mineiros, número que foi, no entanto, ultrapassado em 1975 com 115 309. A independência reduziu significativamente o fluxo de moçambicanos, contando-se apenas 32 803 em 1976. Em 1977 a WLNA fundiu-se com a NCR (uma empresa de recrutamento de mão-de-obra interna da África do Sul), tendo como resultado a criação da TEBA (The Employment Bureau of Africa) (pt)
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  • The Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA), more popularly Wenela, was set up by the gold mines in South Africa as a recruiting agency for migrant workers. Eventually, it comprised a large organisation with its own depots, buses and aeroplanes spread over the whole of Southern Africa: South Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland, South West Africa, Bechuanaland, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Angola, Mozambique, extending into the Belgian Congo and Tanganyika. Tours were usually six months, but many men spent their entire working lives as migrant workers. (en)
  • A WENELA, nome pela qual é popularmente conhecida em Moçambique a Witwatersrand Native Labor Association (WNLA) foi uma empresa fundada em 1901 pela indústria mineira sul-africana com o objectivo de recrutar trabalhadores para as sua minas. A empresa expandiu a sua actividade a quase toda a África Austral, detendo os seus próprios depósitos e meios de transporte, além de clínicas e escolas. (pt)
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  • WENELA (pt)
  • Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (en)
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