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William Molineux (c. 1713 – October 22, 1774) was a hardware merchant in colonial Boston of Irish descent best known for his role in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and earlier political protests Molineux was unusual among the Boston Whigs in having been born in England and emigrating to Massachusetts. He was also not part of the province's Congregationalist orthodoxy, attending an Anglican church and reportedly dabbling with deist views. Insurance records show that Molineux broke British trade laws in his business by sending ships to the Dutch Republic, so he might have been motivated to join the radical cause by increased customs duties and enforcement in the 1760s. Colleagues like John Adams described him as a volatile man.

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  • William Molineux (c. 1713 – October 22, 1774) was a hardware merchant in colonial Boston of Irish descent best known for his role in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and earlier political protests Molineux was unusual among the Boston Whigs in having been born in England and emigrating to Massachusetts. He was also not part of the province's Congregationalist orthodoxy, attending an Anglican church and reportedly dabbling with deist views. Insurance records show that Molineux broke British trade laws in his business by sending ships to the Dutch Republic, so he might have been motivated to join the radical cause by increased customs duties and enforcement in the 1760s. Colleagues like John Adams described him as a volatile man. Molineux rose to prominence leading committees and crowds in demonstrations against the Townshend Acts, seizures by customs officers, and the stationing of British troops in Boston. He also organized a public works effort to employ the town's poor at spinning and weaving linen. With Doctor Thomas Young he was one of the most radical among the genteel Whig organizers who sought to steer public demonstrations in Boston after 1765. For example, on January 18, 1770, he advocated a march on acting governor Thomas Hutchinson's mansion despite warnings that such an act against the king's representative was tantamount to treason, and reportedly threatened to kill himself if his colleagues did not agree. Molineux was the only top Whig organizer not in Old South Meeting House on the night of the Tea Party, meaning he was probably at the dock observing the destruction of the tea. In 1774 he set an example by refusing jury duty under royal judges and may have helped to gather field artillery for the province. However, in late October, he suddenly became ill, and on October 22 he died, reportedly saying, "O save my Country, Heaven." Conflicting rumors circulated. The working-class Whigs who followed Molineux suggested he had been poisoned by British army officers. Friends of the royal government said he had committed suicide after being caught embezzling for the linen project from a New York merchant whose affairs he represented. His estate was in debt to that man, but Molineux may have died of entirely natural causes. Because Molineux died before the American Revolutionary War began, and because some of his colleagues were uncomfortable with his radical methods, he was largely omitted in histories of America's independence. In fact, his name was preserved most prominently in a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne titled "My Kinsman, Major Molineux," set in the 1740s, in which the title character is a victim, not a leader, of a Boston crowd. Molineux's home on Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts was torn down to make room for the Massachusetts State House. He is a featured character in the 2012 video game, Assassin's Creed III. (en)
  • William Molineux (1717 — 22 de outubro de 1774) foi um comerciante de ferragens em Boston colonial de ascendência irlandesa [mais conhecido] por seu papel na Festa do Chá de Boston de 1773 e protestos políticos anteriores. Molineux era incomum entre os em ter nascido na Inglaterra e emigrar para Massachusetts. Ele também não fazia parte da ortodoxia congregacionalista da província, freqüentando uma igreja anglicana e supostamente se interessando por pontos de vista deístas. Registros de seguros mostram que Molineux quebrou as leis de comércio britânico em seus negócios, enviando navios para a República Holandesa, então ele poderia ter sido motivado a se juntar à causa radical pelo aumento das taxas alfandegárias e fiscalização na década de 1760. Colegas como John Adams descreveram-no como um homem volátil. Molineux ganhou proeminência em comissões e multidões em manifestações contra os atos de Townshend, apreensões de oficiais da alfândega e o estacionamento de tropas britânicas em Boston. Ele também organizou um esforço de obras públicas para empregar os pobres da cidade em fiação e tecelagem de linho. Com o doutor Thomas Young, ele foi um dos mais radicais entre os elegantes organizadores whig que tentaram conduzir manifestações públicas em Boston depois de 1765. Por exemplo, em 18 de janeiro de 1770, ele defendeu uma marcha sobre a mansão do governador em exercício, Thomas Hutchinson, apesar dos avisos de que um ato contra o representante do rei era equivalente a traição, e teria ameaçado se matar se seus colegas não concordassem. Molineux foi o único grande organizador de Whig que não estava na Casa de Reunião do Velho Sul na noite do Festa do Chá, o que significa que ele provavelmente estava no cais observando a destruição do chá. Em 1774, ele deu o exemplo recusando o trabalho do júri sob os juízes reais e pode ter ajudado a reunir a artilharia de campo para a província. No entanto, no final de outubro, ele ficou doente de repente, e em 22 de outubro ele morreu, alegadamente dizendo: "Oh, salve meu país, céu". Rumores conflitantes circulavam. Os whigs da classe trabalhadora que seguiram Molineux sugeriram que ele havia sido envenenado por oficiais do exército britânico. Amigos do governo real disseram que ele havia cometido suicídio após ser pego desviando-se do projeto de linho de um comerciante de Nova York cujos assuntos ele representava. Sua propriedade estava em dívida com aquele homem, mas Molineux pode ter morrido de causas inteiramente naturais. Como Molineux morreu antes do início da Guerra Revolucionária Americana, e porque alguns de seus colegas não se sentiam à vontade com seus métodos radicais, ele foi largamente omitido nas histórias da independência da América. Na verdade, seu nome foi preservado com mais destaque em um conto de Nathaniel Hawthorne intitulado "Meu Parente, Major Molineux", ambientado na década de 1740, em que o personagem-título é uma vítima, não um líder, de uma multidão de Boston. A casa de Molineux em Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, foi demolida para dar lugar ao . Ele é um personagem em destaque no vídeo game de 2012, Assassin's Creed III. (pt)
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  • William Molineux (c. 1713 – October 22, 1774) was a hardware merchant in colonial Boston of Irish descent best known for his role in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and earlier political protests Molineux was unusual among the Boston Whigs in having been born in England and emigrating to Massachusetts. He was also not part of the province's Congregationalist orthodoxy, attending an Anglican church and reportedly dabbling with deist views. Insurance records show that Molineux broke British trade laws in his business by sending ships to the Dutch Republic, so he might have been motivated to join the radical cause by increased customs duties and enforcement in the 1760s. Colleagues like John Adams described him as a volatile man. (en)
  • William Molineux (1717 — 22 de outubro de 1774) foi um comerciante de ferragens em Boston colonial de ascendência irlandesa [mais conhecido] por seu papel na Festa do Chá de Boston de 1773 e protestos políticos anteriores. Ele é um personagem em destaque no vídeo game de 2012, Assassin's Creed III. (pt)
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  • William Molineux (pt)
  • William Molineux (en)
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