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- Le constructeur universel est une structure autoréplicante au sein d'un automate cellulaire, tous deux créés par John von Neumann dans les années 1940. (fr)
- John von Neumann's universal constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automaton (CA) environment. It was designed in the 1940s, without the use of a computer. The fundamental details of the machine were published in von Neumann's book Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, completed in 1966 by Arthur W. Burks after von Neumann's death. While typically not as well known as von Neumann's other work, it is regarded as foundational for automata theory, complex systems, and artificial life. Indeed, Nobel Laureate Sydney Brenner considered Von Neumann's work on self-reproducing automata (together with Turing's work on computing machines) central to biological theory as well, allowing us to "discipline our thoughts about machines, both natural and artificial." Von Neumann's goal, as specified in his lectures at the University of Illinois in 1949, was to design a machine whose complexity could grow automatically akin to biological organisms under natural selection. He asked what is the threshold of complexity that must be crossed for machines to be able to evolve. His answer was to specify an abstract machine which, when run, would replicate itself. In his design, the self-replicating machine consists of three parts: a "description" of ('blueprint' or program for) itself, a universal constructor mechanism that can read any description and construct the machine (sans description) encoded in that description, and a universal copy machine that can make copies of any description. After the universal constructor has been used to construct a new machine encoded in the description, the copy machine is used to create a copy of that description, and this copy is passed on to the new machine, resulting in a working replication of the original machine that can keep on reproducing. Some machines will do this backwards, copying the description and then building a machine. Crucially, the self-reproducing machine can evolve by accumulating mutations of the description, not the machine itself, thus gaining the ability to grow in complexity. To define his machine in more detail, von Neumann invented the concept of a cellular automaton. The one he used consists of a two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which can be in one of 29 states at any point in time. At each timestep, each cell updates its state depending on the states of the surrounding cells at the prior timestep. The rules governing these updates are identical for all cells. The universal constructor is a certain pattern of cell states in this cellular automaton. It contains one line of cells that serve as the description (akin to Turing's tape), encoding a sequence of instructions that serve as a 'blueprint' for the machine. The machine reads these instructions one by one and performs the corresponding actions. The instructions direct the machine to use its 'construction arm' (another automaton that functions like an Operating System) to build a copy of the machine, without the description tape, at some other location in the cell grid. The description cannot contain instructions to build an equally long description tape, just as a container cannot contain a container of the same size. Therefore, the machine includes the separate copy machine which reads the description tape and passes a copy to the newly constructed machine. The resulting new set of universal constructor and copy machines plus description tape is identical to the old one, and it proceeds to replicate again. (en)
- Il Costruttore universale di John von Neumann è una macchina auto-replicante in un ambiente di automi cellulari.Fu progettata negli anni '40 (XX secolo), senza l'uso di un calcolatore.I dettagli fondamentali della macchina furono pubblicati nel libro di von Neumann Teoria dell'auto-riproduzione automatica, completato nel 1966 da Arthur W. Burks dopo la morte di von Neumann. Le specifiche definiscono la macchina usando 29 stati, che costituiscono il trasporto del segnale e le operazioni logiche, il segnale è rappresentato come un flusso di bit.Un nastro di celle codifica la sequenza di azioni che la macchina deve eseguire. Usando la testina di scrittura la macchina può stampare (costruire) una nuova serie di celle, permettendo la realizzazione di una copia di se stessa, e del nastro. (it)
- O construtor universal de John von Neumann é uma máquina autorreplicadora em um ambiente autómato celular (AC). Foi projetado na década de 1940 sem o uso de um computador. Os detalhes fundamentais da máquina foram publicados no livro de von Neumann Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, concluído em 1966 por Arthur W. Burks após a morte de von Neumann. Na especificação de von Neumann, definido como a máquina usando 29 estados, estes estados que constituem os meios de transporte de sinal e operação lógica, e agindo sobre os sinais representados na forma de fluxos de bits. Uma 'fita' de células codifica a sequência de ações a ser executada pela máquina. Usando a cabeça da escrita (denominado um braço de construção) a máquina pode imprimir (construir) um novo padrão de células, permitindo que ele faça uma cópia completa de si mesmo, e a fita. (pt)
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- Le constructeur universel est une structure autoréplicante au sein d'un automate cellulaire, tous deux créés par John von Neumann dans les années 1940. (fr)
- John von Neumann's universal constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automaton (CA) environment. It was designed in the 1940s, without the use of a computer. The fundamental details of the machine were published in von Neumann's book Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, completed in 1966 by Arthur W. Burks after von Neumann's death. While typically not as well known as von Neumann's other work, it is regarded as foundational for automata theory, complex systems, and artificial life. Indeed, Nobel Laureate Sydney Brenner considered Von Neumann's work on self-reproducing automata (together with Turing's work on computing machines) central to biological theory as well, allowing us to "discipline our thoughts about machines, both natural and artificial." (en)
- Il Costruttore universale di John von Neumann è una macchina auto-replicante in un ambiente di automi cellulari.Fu progettata negli anni '40 (XX secolo), senza l'uso di un calcolatore.I dettagli fondamentali della macchina furono pubblicati nel libro di von Neumann Teoria dell'auto-riproduzione automatica, completato nel 1966 da Arthur W. Burks dopo la morte di von Neumann. (it)
- O construtor universal de John von Neumann é uma máquina autorreplicadora em um ambiente autómato celular (AC). Foi projetado na década de 1940 sem o uso de um computador. Os detalhes fundamentais da máquina foram publicados no livro de von Neumann Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, concluído em 1966 por Arthur W. Burks após a morte de von Neumann. (pt)
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