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- The Tunbao or Tunpu (Chinese: 屯堡) are an ethnic subgroup of the Han, located in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, China. The Tunbao are descended from ethnic Han who were part of an army sent on an expedition to Guizhou during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Hongwu Emperor. Long thought to have been a non-Han ethnic minority, their Han origins were proved by Japanese anthropologist Torii Ryuzo in 1896. The Tunbao have preserved much of their culture, costumes, and language from the Ming era. The Tianlong Tunbao town, located near Anshun is a historic site where Tunbao homes and customs have been preserved, including the traditional Dixi opera or "ground opera" performances. (en)
- 屯堡人，又称“京族”“鳳頭苗”，據傳是明朝江南汉兵平定西南后屯田戍边形成的后裔，是漢族的一個分支。「屯堡是指处于贵阳至安顺距离一百餘公里的大片平地内包括的三百多个屯堡村寨。这些村寨多以带有军事性质的屯、堡、官、关、哨、卡、 卫、所等命名 ,其中又以屯、堡命名者为多。」，2001年時有30多万屯堡人。. 1980年代，屯堡人曾和貴州很多地區的穿青人一起申請成為少數民族，後來被鑒定為早期漢族移民。屯堡人延续着明代江南人的遗风，固守着江南汉族文化。屯堡人与少数民族不通婚，与外界交流也不多，在语言、服饰、饮食、信仰、民居建筑及娱乐方式等方面与周围本土村寨不同。屯堡人自我认同为“南京人”、“京族” ，他们珍视自己的传统与文化。“应天府乃我故乡，有我族人，有我良田美宅”，因而传统风俗得到很好地保存。 屯堡人保存较完整的明朝遗风，是典型的“文化孤岛”，成为古文化研究的“活化石”。 (zh)
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- 屯堡人，又称“京族”“鳳頭苗”，據傳是明朝江南汉兵平定西南后屯田戍边形成的后裔，是漢族的一個分支。「屯堡是指处于贵阳至安顺距离一百餘公里的大片平地内包括的三百多个屯堡村寨。这些村寨多以带有军事性质的屯、堡、官、关、哨、卡、 卫、所等命名 ,其中又以屯、堡命名者为多。」，2001年時有30多万屯堡人。. 1980年代，屯堡人曾和貴州很多地區的穿青人一起申請成為少數民族，後來被鑒定為早期漢族移民。屯堡人延续着明代江南人的遗风，固守着江南汉族文化。屯堡人与少数民族不通婚，与外界交流也不多，在语言、服饰、饮食、信仰、民居建筑及娱乐方式等方面与周围本土村寨不同。屯堡人自我认同为“南京人”、“京族” ，他们珍视自己的传统与文化。“应天府乃我故乡，有我族人，有我良田美宅”，因而传统风俗得到很好地保存。 屯堡人保存较完整的明朝遗风，是典型的“文化孤岛”，成为古文化研究的“活化石”。 (zh)
- The Tunbao or Tunpu (Chinese: 屯堡) are an ethnic subgroup of the Han, located in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, China. The Tunbao are descended from ethnic Han who were part of an army sent on an expedition to Guizhou during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Hongwu Emperor. Long thought to have been a non-Han ethnic minority, their Han origins were proved by Japanese anthropologist Torii Ryuzo in 1896. The Tunbao have preserved much of their culture, costumes, and language from the Ming era. (en)
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