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- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. This was done to ensure the schools would be "properly" integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race. Judge John J. Parker of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit interpreted the Brown v. Board of Education case as a charge not to segregate rather than an order to integrate. In 1963, the Court ruled in McNeese v. Board of Education and Goss v. Board of Education in favor of integration, and showed impatience with efforts to end segregation. In 1968 the Warren Court ruled in Green v. County School Board that freedom of choice plans were insufficient to eliminate segregation; thus, it was necessary to take proactive steps to integrate schools. In United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education (1969), Judge Frank Johnson's desegregation order for teachers was upheld, allowing an approximate ratio of the races to be established by a district judge. (en)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), foi um caso da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos que analisou a constitucionalidade de ações governamentais para diminuir os efeitos da segregação racial nas escolas públicas de forma geral e, mais especificamente, do arrumar meios de transporte estudantes afro-americanos com o objetivo de promover a integração nas escolas públicas (pratica conhecida nos Estados Unidos como ). A corte decidiu por unanimidade que o busing era um remédio apropriado para sanar a questão do desequilíbrio racial nas escolas, mesmo quando este era causado pela predominância de um determinado grupo étnico na população que vivia próxima da escola e não por causa de medidas segregacionistas. Essas medidas foram feitas para assegurar que as escolas seriam "apropriadamente" integradoras e que todos os estudantes teriam oportunidades educacionais iguais mesmo sendo de raças diferentes. (pt)
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- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, (en)
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- Swann et al. v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education et al. (en)
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- Busing students to promote integration is constitutional. (en)
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- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (en)
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- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. This was done to ensure the schools would be "properly" integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race. (en)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), foi um caso da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos que analisou a constitucionalidade de ações governamentais para diminuir os efeitos da segregação racial nas escolas públicas de forma geral e, mais especificamente, do arrumar meios de transporte estudantes afro-americanos com o objetivo de promover a integração nas escolas públicas (pratica conhecida nos Estados Unidos como ). A corte decidiu por unanimidade que o busing era um remédio apropriado para sanar a questão do desequilíbrio racial nas escolas, mesmo quando este era causado pela predominância de um determinado grupo étnico na população que vivia próxima da escola e não por causa de medidas segregacionistas. Essas medidas foram feitas para assegurar que as escolas seriam "apr (pt)
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- Caso Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (pt)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (en)
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- (en)
- Swann et al. v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education et al. (en)
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