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- Proto-Zionism (or Forerunner of Zionism; Hebrew: מְבַשְרֵי הציונות, pronounced: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) is a term attributed to the ideas of a group of men deeply affected by the idea of modern nationalism spread in Europe in the 19th century as they sought to establish a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel. The central activity of these men was between the years 1860 to 1874, before the Zionist movement established practical (1881) and political Zionism (1896). It is for this reason that they are called precursors of Zionism, or proto-Zionists. While the 17th century raised the overall idea, among Jews and non-Jews, of "restoring the Jews to Israel naturally by settlement and political action," the ultimate goal was not yet clearly defined. These ideas did not unite people to action and relied on the national project and the State (the Jewish nation). Therefore, the figures behind these ideas are not considered as Heralds of Zionism. This group of men considered as proto-Zionists includes Rabbi Judah Bibas (1789-1852), Rabbi Judah ben Solomon Hai Alkalai (1798–1878), Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795–1874), and philosopher Moses Hess (1812–1875). (en)
- Proto-Zionisme (atau Pendahulu Zionisme; Ibrani: מְבַשְרֵי הציונות, dibaca: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) adalah sebuah istilah yang diatributkan kepada gagasan-gagasan sekelompok orang yang sangat terdampak oleh gagasan nasionalisme modern yang menyebar di Eropa pada abad ke-19 saat mereka berniat untuk mendirikan tanah air Yahudi di Tanah Israel. Kegiatan utama dari orang-orang tersebut adalah antara tahun 1860 sampai 1874, sebelum gerakan Zionis mendirikan Zionisme terapan (1881) dan politik (1896). Ini adalah alasan dari mereka disebut pendahulu Zionisme, atau proto-Zionis. Namun meskipun abad ke-17 menimbulkan gagasan "memulangkan Yahudi ke Israel secara alamiah lewat pemukiman dan tindakan politik" oleh Yahudi dan non-Yahudi, gagasan-gagasan bertujuan mutlak lenyap. Gagagan-gagasan tersebut juga tak menyatukan orang-orang untuk bertindak dan menghimpun proyek nasional dan Negara (negara Yahudi). Sehingga, orang-orang di balik gagasan tersebut tak dianggap sebagai "Pewarta Zionisme". Sekelompok orang yang dianggap sebagai proto-Zionis meliputi Rabbi (1789-1852), Rabbi (1798–1878), Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795–1874), dan filsuf Moses Hess (1812–1875). (in)
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- How can they rely on the State that hasn't been established yet? (en)
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- Proto-Zionism (or Forerunner of Zionism; Hebrew: מְבַשְרֵי הציונות, pronounced: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) is a term attributed to the ideas of a group of men deeply affected by the idea of modern nationalism spread in Europe in the 19th century as they sought to establish a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel. The central activity of these men was between the years 1860 to 1874, before the Zionist movement established practical (1881) and political Zionism (1896). It is for this reason that they are called precursors of Zionism, or proto-Zionists. (en)
- Proto-Zionisme (atau Pendahulu Zionisme; Ibrani: מְבַשְרֵי הציונות, dibaca: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) adalah sebuah istilah yang diatributkan kepada gagasan-gagasan sekelompok orang yang sangat terdampak oleh gagasan nasionalisme modern yang menyebar di Eropa pada abad ke-19 saat mereka berniat untuk mendirikan tanah air Yahudi di Tanah Israel. Kegiatan utama dari orang-orang tersebut adalah antara tahun 1860 sampai 1874, sebelum gerakan Zionis mendirikan Zionisme terapan (1881) dan politik (1896). Ini adalah alasan dari mereka disebut pendahulu Zionisme, atau proto-Zionis. (in)
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- Proto-Zionisme (in)
- Proto-Zionism (en)
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