About: Peijaiset

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Peijaiset (in dialectal forms peijahaiset, peijaat or peijaajaiset) is a Finnish concept, dating to pre-Christian times, denoting a memorial feast (akin to a wake) that was held in the honour of a slain animal, particularly the bear, the animal most sacred to ancient Finns. In modern-day usage, it often refers to the celebrations following a successful elk hunt, or a feast at the end of a hunting season. It may also be used in a figurative sense, denoting any memorial held for things that have come to an end ("peijaiset" over e.g. bankrupt companies). Traditionally, it referred to wakes for humans and animals, but also other celebrations, depending on the region in question.

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  • El peijaiset (en formas dialectales peijahaiset, peijaat o peijaajaiset)​ es un concepto finés que data de la época precristiana y que denota una fiesta conmemorativa (similar a un velatorio) que se celebraba en honor de un animal sacrificado, en particular el oso (el animal más sagrado para los antiguos fineses). En el uso moderno, a menudo se refiere a las celebraciones que siguen a una cacería exitosa de alces, o una fiesta al final de una temporada de caza. También se puede usar en sentido figurado, denotando cualquier memorial celebrado por cosas que han llegado a su fin ("peijaiset" sobre, por ejemplo, empresas en quiebra). Tradicionalmente, se refería a velatorios de humanos y animales, pero también a otras celebraciones, según la región de que se trate.​ Se han informado costumbres similares de muchas otras personas del norte que comparten su hábitat con los osos como por ejemplo, los pueblos obi-ugrios y los nativos norteamericanos. El Karhunpeijaiset es una celebración para el alma de un oso después de una cacería de osos. Tradicionalmente, un oso nunca fue "cazado"; simplemente fue derribado. Un solo hombre podía afirmar haber cazado y matado a un oso, pero cuando toda la comunidad estaba involucrada, simplemente se decía que el oso había muerto. Había que decirle al espíritu del oso que simplemente había caído en un pozo o que se había suicidado por accidente, no por los cazadores: esto se hacía para apaciguar al espíritu del oso para que no se ofendiera y posiblemente promulgara algún tipo de de venganza sobre los cazadores. La ceremonia era siempre un asunto mucho más elaborado de lo que hubiera merecido el miembro más influyente de la comunidad. En el este de Finlandia tendría muchos dolientes y plañideros, y la gente se dirigiría al oso como a un pariente o al hijo de un dios. Su carne no se comía, eso habría sido canibalismo; o, si lo fue, se hizo un espectáculo elaborado para convertir simbólicamente la carne en la de otro animal, como por ejemplo venado. La cabeza del oso generalmente se montaba en la copa de un árbol joven, o en una pica, para ayudar al espíritu del oso a subir a las estrellas, de donde se creía que provenían las almas de los osos. Los carroñeros luego se lo comían, dejando solo el cráneo, que luego se convertía en objeto de veneración y también se despejaría un patio alrededor del cráneo. Tradicionalmente, solo se honraba así a los osos porque para algunos pueblos finlandeses, el oso ha sido el hijo de Dios y fue enviado del cielo para uso de las personas. A veces, la ceremonia se realizaba a la manera de un matrimonio sagrado en lugar de un velorio. En tales casos, el oso estaba apoyado dentro de un marco o atado a una cruz. Con toda la ceremonia debida, la novia o el novio elegidos se casarían simbólicamente con el oso. En la actualidad, peijaiset generalmente se refiere a una celebración al final de una cacería exitosa o al final de una temporada de caza, y generalmente solo se llevan a cabo para alces y osos.​ En muchas ocasiones se trata de una cena festiva para los cazadores, elaborada con la última presa. (es)
  • Peijaiset (in dialectal forms peijahaiset, peijaat or peijaajaiset) is a Finnish concept, dating to pre-Christian times, denoting a memorial feast (akin to a wake) that was held in the honour of a slain animal, particularly the bear, the animal most sacred to ancient Finns. In modern-day usage, it often refers to the celebrations following a successful elk hunt, or a feast at the end of a hunting season. It may also be used in a figurative sense, denoting any memorial held for things that have come to an end ("peijaiset" over e.g. bankrupt companies). Traditionally, it referred to wakes for humans and animals, but also other celebrations, depending on the region in question. Karhunpeijaiset is a celebration held for the soul of a bear after a bear hunt. Traditionally, a bear was never "hunted"; it was merely brought down. A single man could claim to have hunted and killed a bear, but when the entire community was involved, the bear was simply said to have died. The bear's spirit had to be told that it had simply fallen into a pit or that it had otherwise killed itself by accident, not by the hunters: this was done to appease the bear's spirit so that it would not be offended and possibly enact some kind of revenge upon the hunters. The ceremony was always a much more elaborate affair than what the most influential member of the community would have merited. In eastern Finland it would have copious mourners and wailers, and the people would address the bear as a relative, or the son of a god. Its flesh was not eaten — that would have been cannibalism — or, if it was, an elaborate show was made to symbolically render the meat into that of another animal, e.g. venison. The bear's head was usually mounted on the top of a young tree, or on a pike, so as to help the bear's spirit climb up into the stars, where it was believed bears' souls had come from. Carrion-eaters would then eat it, leaving only the skull, which would then become an object of veneration. A courtyard would also be cleared around the skull. Traditionally, only bears were honoured thus. Sometimes the ceremony was performed in the fashion of a sacred marriage rather than a wake. In such cases the bear was either propped up inside of a frame or strapped to a cross. With all due ceremony, the chosen bride or groom would symbolically marry the bear. In the present day, peijaiset usually refers to a celebration at the end of a successful hunt or the end of a hunting season, and they are usually only held for moose and bears. On many occasions, this involves a festive evening meal for the hunters, made from the latest kill. Similar customs have been reported from many other northern people who share their habitat with bears. (en)
  • 페이야이세트(핀란드어: Peijaiset)란 핀란드어로 큰 사냥감(불곰이나 말코손바닥사슴)을 사냥한 뒤 그것을 기념하는 것을 말한다. 의미가 확장되어 무엇이든지 큰 일을 마무리지었을 때 "페이야이세트"했다고 한다. 특히 불곰(karhu)을 잡았을 때의 페이야이세트를 카르훈페이야이세트(Karhunpeijaiset)라고 한다. 옛날 핀란드 신화에서 불곰은 가장 성스러운 영수로 여겨졌으며, 불곰은 절대 "사냥"하는 것이 아니라 그저 "쓰러뜨렸다"고 표현했다. 그래서 쓰러진 신령한 짐승을 달래기 위해 성대하게 의식을 벌였다. 전통이 조금이나마 잘 남아 있는 동부지역에서는 곰을 위해 곡을 하기도 한다. 곰고기는 먹어서는 안 되며, 식인과 같은 것으로 여겨진다. 설령 먹을 경우에도 그것을 곰고기가 아니라 사슴고기 따위의 다른 짐승의 고기로 취급한다. 불곰의 머리통을 나무나 장대 위에 걸어놓으면 부육을 먹는 분해자들이 와서 뜯어먹고 두개골만 남는데, 이 해골바가지를 신성시한다. 페이야이세트란 본래 이런 의식을 가리키는 말이었다가, 기독교가 전해지고 전통이 흐려지면서 오늘날과 같은 용법으로 변하게 되었다. 불곰 서식지에 사는 다른 민족들에게서도 비슷한 불곰숭배 풍습이 발견된다(예: 아이누인의 이요만테). (ko)
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  • El peijaiset (en formas dialectales peijahaiset, peijaat o peijaajaiset)​ es un concepto finés que data de la época precristiana y que denota una fiesta conmemorativa (similar a un velatorio) que se celebraba en honor de un animal sacrificado, en particular el oso (el animal más sagrado para los antiguos fineses). En el uso moderno, a menudo se refiere a las celebraciones que siguen a una cacería exitosa de alces, o una fiesta al final de una temporada de caza. También se puede usar en sentido figurado, denotando cualquier memorial celebrado por cosas que han llegado a su fin ("peijaiset" sobre, por ejemplo, empresas en quiebra). Tradicionalmente, se refería a velatorios de humanos y animales, pero también a otras celebraciones, según la región de que se trate.​ Se han informado costumbres (es)
  • Peijaiset (in dialectal forms peijahaiset, peijaat or peijaajaiset) is a Finnish concept, dating to pre-Christian times, denoting a memorial feast (akin to a wake) that was held in the honour of a slain animal, particularly the bear, the animal most sacred to ancient Finns. In modern-day usage, it often refers to the celebrations following a successful elk hunt, or a feast at the end of a hunting season. It may also be used in a figurative sense, denoting any memorial held for things that have come to an end ("peijaiset" over e.g. bankrupt companies). Traditionally, it referred to wakes for humans and animals, but also other celebrations, depending on the region in question. (en)
  • 페이야이세트(핀란드어: Peijaiset)란 핀란드어로 큰 사냥감(불곰이나 말코손바닥사슴)을 사냥한 뒤 그것을 기념하는 것을 말한다. 의미가 확장되어 무엇이든지 큰 일을 마무리지었을 때 "페이야이세트"했다고 한다. 특히 불곰(karhu)을 잡았을 때의 페이야이세트를 카르훈페이야이세트(Karhunpeijaiset)라고 한다. 옛날 핀란드 신화에서 불곰은 가장 성스러운 영수로 여겨졌으며, 불곰은 절대 "사냥"하는 것이 아니라 그저 "쓰러뜨렸다"고 표현했다. 그래서 쓰러진 신령한 짐승을 달래기 위해 성대하게 의식을 벌였다. 전통이 조금이나마 잘 남아 있는 동부지역에서는 곰을 위해 곡을 하기도 한다. 곰고기는 먹어서는 안 되며, 식인과 같은 것으로 여겨진다. 설령 먹을 경우에도 그것을 곰고기가 아니라 사슴고기 따위의 다른 짐승의 고기로 취급한다. 불곰의 머리통을 나무나 장대 위에 걸어놓으면 부육을 먹는 분해자들이 와서 뜯어먹고 두개골만 남는데, 이 해골바가지를 신성시한다. 페이야이세트란 본래 이런 의식을 가리키는 말이었다가, 기독교가 전해지고 전통이 흐려지면서 오늘날과 같은 용법으로 변하게 되었다. (ko)
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  • Peijaiset (es)
  • 페이야이세트 (ko)
  • Peijaiset (en)
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