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- Das Paripadal (Tamil: பரிபாடல் Paripāṭal [ˈpaɾipaːɖəl] „[Sammlung im] Paripadal-Versmaß“) ist ein Werk der alttamilischen Sangam-Literatur. Es handelt sich um eine Anthologie mit ursprünglich 70 Gedichten, von denen 22 erhalten sind. Das Paripadal gehört zu den späteren Werken der Sangam-Literatur und wird zur Gruppe der „acht Anthologien“ (Ettuttogai) gezählt. (de)
- Paripāṭal, (tamoul : பரிபாடல்) est un des 8 recueils qui constitue Eṭṭuttokai (tamoul : எட்டுத்தொகை), littéralement les Huit Anthologies de la période du Sangam, composées principalement entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IIIe siècle. Les thèmes traités, en partie d'inspiration religieuse, placent le Paripāṭal plutôt vers la fin du Sangam.Le Paripāṭal désigne à la fois chacun de ses chants que le recueil tout entier, puisqu'il définit un type particulier de mètre (modèle de vers) et que tout le livre n'est composé qu'en ce mètre. Les sujets traités sont à la fois profanes et religieux, et du genre (intérieur à soi ou encore l'amour) et celui (extérieur à soi, la société). Ce mélange du profane et du religieux, une originalité par rapport aux premières œuvres du Sangam s'inscrivant dans un registre uniquement profane, semble à l'origine de son désintérêt parmi le corpus de la littérature classique tamoule. (fr)
- The Paripāṭal (Tamil: பரிபாடல், meaning the paripatal-metre anthology) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature. It is an "akam genre", odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion (Bhakti) to gods and goddesses , according to Kamil Zvelebil, a Tamil literature and history scholar. This is the only anthology in the Eight Anthologies collection that is predominantly religious, though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to gods, goddesses and legends, along with invocatory poem to Shiva. The Tamil tradition believes that the Paripāṭal anthology originally contained 70 poems, of which 24 have survived in full and few others have survived in fragments into the modern era as evidenced by the quotes in the Tolkappiyam and the Purattirattu. Of the 24 full poems that have survived, 7 are dedicated to Tirumal (Krishna, Vishnu), eight to Murugan, and nine to river goddess Vaikai. The nine river-related poems mention bathing festivals (Magh Mela), as well as water sports, offerings of prayers at the river banks, playful lover's quarrel where the wife accuses her husband of bathing with his mistress. The compilation is attributed to 13 poets, and each poem has a notable colophon. In these colophons, in addition to the poet's name is included the music and tune (melodic mode, raga) for the poem, as well as the composer of that music. The Paripatal poems are longer than the poems in other major Sangam anthologies. The typical poems have 60 lines, and the longest surviving poem has 140 lines. Like the Kalittokai anthology, this collection also includes dialogue-based poems. Beyond the 24 surviving poems, from the fragmentary records about the other 46 original poems, 1 additional poem was to Tirumal, 23 more to Murugan, 1 to Kottravai, 17 more to Vaikai and 4 to Madurai. The Tirumal devotional poems The Paripatal manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu, Murugan and other deities in the Sangam era. The Paripatal anthology is likely a late Sangam literature, states Zvelebil, separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries. This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations, and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations. Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work, and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100–150 years (3rd century CE). A. K. Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th century. The poems allude to many pan-Indian legends, such as the samudra manthan (churning of cosmic ocean), Vishnu devotee Prahlada's struggle, Shiva and Murugan legends. The Paripatal collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry. According to V. N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the Paripatal are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre", while the poems dedicated to Vaikai (Vaiyai) river are "unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love". The first Tamil edition of Paripatal from palm-leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th century was published by U. V. Swaminatha Iyer in 1918. A French translation was published in 1968 by François Gros. English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri, Hikosaka et al in 1996, as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012. (en)
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- Das Paripadal (Tamil: பரிபாடல் Paripāṭal [ˈpaɾipaːɖəl] „[Sammlung im] Paripadal-Versmaß“) ist ein Werk der alttamilischen Sangam-Literatur. Es handelt sich um eine Anthologie mit ursprünglich 70 Gedichten, von denen 22 erhalten sind. Das Paripadal gehört zu den späteren Werken der Sangam-Literatur und wird zur Gruppe der „acht Anthologien“ (Ettuttogai) gezählt. (de)
- The Paripāṭal (Tamil: பரிபாடல், meaning the paripatal-metre anthology) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature. It is an "akam genre", odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion (Bhakti) to gods and goddesses , according to Kamil Zvelebil, a Tamil literature and history scholar. This is the only anthology in the Eight Anthologies collection that is predominantly religious, though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to gods, goddesses and legends, along with invocatory poem to Shiva. (en)
- Paripāṭal, (tamoul : பரிபாடல்) est un des 8 recueils qui constitue Eṭṭuttokai (tamoul : எட்டுத்தொகை), littéralement les Huit Anthologies de la période du Sangam, composées principalement entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IIIe siècle. Les thèmes traités, en partie d'inspiration religieuse, placent le Paripāṭal plutôt vers la fin du Sangam.Le Paripāṭal désigne à la fois chacun de ses chants que le recueil tout entier, puisqu'il définit un type particulier de mètre (modèle de vers) et que tout le livre n'est composé qu'en ce mètre. (fr)
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