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- ميخائيل كلافديفيتش تيخونرافوف (بالروسية: Михаи́л Кла́вдиевич Тихонра́вов) (29 يوليو 1900 - 3 مارس 1974) كان مهندس طيران وفضاء وعالمًا سوفيتيًّا، قدم مجهودات رائدة في تصميم المركبات الفضائية والصواريخ. (ar)
- Michail Klawdijewitsch Tichonrawow (russisch Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов; * 16. Julijul. / 29. Juli 1900greg. in Wladimir, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 4. März 1974 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Ingenieur und Pionier der Raumfahrt. Bekanntheit erlangte er vor allem als Chefentwickler von Sputnik und Wostok. (de)
- Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900 – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet engineer who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry. Mikhail Tikhonravov was born in Vladimir, Russia. He attended the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy from 1922 to 1925, where he was exposed to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ideas of spaceflight. After graduation and until 1931 worked in several aircraft industries and was engaged in developing gliders. From 1931 and on, devoted himself to the development of the field of rocketry. In 1932, he joined Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD), as one of the four brigade leaders. His brigade built the GIRD-09 rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline, and launched on August 17, 1933. Tikhonravov became part of the Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) when GIRD and the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) merged in 1933. From 1938 Tikhonravov researched rocket engines with liquid fuel and developed rockets for the purpose of upper atmosphere layers’ research. In the end of the 1930s, the development of rockets with liquid fuel was stopped and Tikhonravov concentrated on the development of the projectiles of the weapon system Katyusha rocket launcher. In 1946, he became deputy chief of NII-4 in the Academy of Artillery Science and developed Project VR-190. Tikhonravov in 1948 proposed a type of multistage rocket in which the engines would work in parallel (packet) in order to achieve a greater flight range. His announcement was met with ridicule and skepticism by his scientific colleagues because at that time, it was believed that 1000 km was the absolute limit for rocket range. In NII-4 he led a team of researchers that did important studies on packet rockets, satellite orbital motion, optimal pitch control programs for launching into orbit, reentry trajectories and heat shielding. This team designed Sputnik-3, Luna-1, Luna-3, Luna-4 and the early Venus and Mars probes. In 1956, Sergey Korolev had Tikhonravov and his team (including Mstislav Keldysh) transferred into his bureau, OKB-1. After the launch of Sputnik-1 and a satellite with an animal on board, Tikhonravov (along with a number of other scientists) received the Lenin award (1957). The classically educated Tikhonravov has been credited for coining and popularizing the term cosmonaut ("space traveller"), to be distinct from the English astronaut. Tikhonravov Crater on Mars is named after Mikhail Tikhonravov. (en)
- Mikhaïl Klavdievitch Tikhonravov (en russe : Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов) (29 juillet 1900 - 3 mars 1974), était un pionnier soviétique des engins spatiaux et des fusées. (fr)
- Michaił Kławdijewicz Tichonrawow (ros. Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов, ur. 29 lipca 1900 we Włodzimierzu, zm. 4 marca 1974 w Moskwie) – radziecki inżynier, konstruktor techniki kosmicznej i rakietowej, współpracownik Siergieja Korolowa. (pl)
- Michail Klavdievič Tichonravov (in russo: Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов?; Vladimir, 11 agosto 1900, 29 luglio del calendario giuliano – 3 marzo 1974) è stato un ingegnere sovietico e un pioniere della progettazione dei razzi.Fece parte dell'ufficio di progettazione OKB-1, coordinato da Sergej Korolëv, e fu determinante nello sviluppo del programma spaziale sovietico, contribuendo ai successi dell'Unione Sovietica nella corsa allo spazio negli anni cinquanta e sessanta. (it)
- Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (29 de julho de 1900, Vladimir - 3 de março de 1974) foi um projetista Soviético,pioneiro no projeto de espaçonaves e foguetes. Ele serviu na Academia da Força Aérea de Zhukovsky de 1922 a 1925, onde construiu planadores e teve contato comas idéias de viagens espaciais de Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Em 1932, ele se associou ao GIRD, como um de seus quatrolíderes de brigada. A sua brigada, foi a que construiu o foguete GIRD-09, alimentado por Oxigênio líquido e gasolina gelatinosa, lançado em 17 de agosto de 1933. Tikhonravov permaneceu no GIRD enquanto ele evoluia para o RNII, o instituto de propulsão a jato, e depois o NII-1. Em 1946, ele se tornou o chefe da academia de ciências de artilharia do NII-4. Lá, ele liderou uma equipe de pesquisadores conduzindo importantes estudos nas áreas de: estágios paralelos, movimento orbital de satélites, programas de controle de atitude para atingir a órbita desejada, trajetórias de reentrada e escudos térmicos. Essa equipe, acabou projetando as seguintes sondas: Sputnik-3, Luna-1, Luna-3, Luna-4 e as primeiras sondas de Venus e Marte. Em 1956, Sergey Korolev transferiuTikhonravov e sua equipe para o seu instituto, o OKB-1. Pouco antes da sua morte em 1974, Tikhonravov recebeu várias das principais honrarias civis da União Soviética, tais como: a Ordem de Lenin, e a BandeiraVermelha de Trabaho, além do título de "Heroi do Trabalho Socialista", e o Premio Lenin. A cratera Tikhonravov, em Marte, foi batizada em homenagem a ele. (pt)
- Михаи́л Кла́вдиевич Тихонра́вов (16 [29] июля 1900, Владимир, Российская империя — 4 марта 1974, Москва, СССР) — советский инженер, конструктор космической и ракетной техники, сподвижник С. П. Королёва. Доктор технических наук, профессор, лауреат Ленинской премии, Герой Социалистического Труда, заслуженный деятель науки и техники РСФСР. (ru)
- 米哈伊尔·克拉夫基耶维奇·吉洪拉沃夫（俄語：Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов，1900年7月29日－1974年3月3日），苏联宇航科学家，曾經擔任组长、主任、通讯院士。早年研制滑翔机，於1930年代开始转入火箭研究，於1950年代成为苏联太空计划的主要参与者之一。 (zh)
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- ميخائيل كلافديفيتش تيخونرافوف (بالروسية: Михаи́л Кла́вдиевич Тихонра́вов) (29 يوليو 1900 - 3 مارس 1974) كان مهندس طيران وفضاء وعالمًا سوفيتيًّا، قدم مجهودات رائدة في تصميم المركبات الفضائية والصواريخ. (ar)
- Michail Klawdijewitsch Tichonrawow (russisch Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов; * 16. Julijul. / 29. Juli 1900greg. in Wladimir, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 4. März 1974 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Ingenieur und Pionier der Raumfahrt. Bekanntheit erlangte er vor allem als Chefentwickler von Sputnik und Wostok. (de)
- Mikhaïl Klavdievitch Tikhonravov (en russe : Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов) (29 juillet 1900 - 3 mars 1974), était un pionnier soviétique des engins spatiaux et des fusées. (fr)
- Michaił Kławdijewicz Tichonrawow (ros. Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов, ur. 29 lipca 1900 we Włodzimierzu, zm. 4 marca 1974 w Moskwie) – radziecki inżynier, konstruktor techniki kosmicznej i rakietowej, współpracownik Siergieja Korolowa. (pl)
- Michail Klavdievič Tichonravov (in russo: Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов?; Vladimir, 11 agosto 1900, 29 luglio del calendario giuliano – 3 marzo 1974) è stato un ingegnere sovietico e un pioniere della progettazione dei razzi.Fece parte dell'ufficio di progettazione OKB-1, coordinato da Sergej Korolëv, e fu determinante nello sviluppo del programma spaziale sovietico, contribuendo ai successi dell'Unione Sovietica nella corsa allo spazio negli anni cinquanta e sessanta. (it)
- Михаи́л Кла́вдиевич Тихонра́вов (16 [29] июля 1900, Владимир, Российская империя — 4 марта 1974, Москва, СССР) — советский инженер, конструктор космической и ракетной техники, сподвижник С. П. Королёва. Доктор технических наук, профессор, лауреат Ленинской премии, Герой Социалистического Труда, заслуженный деятель науки и техники РСФСР. (ru)
- 米哈伊尔·克拉夫基耶维奇·吉洪拉沃夫（俄語：Михаил Клавдиевич Тихонравов，1900年7月29日－1974年3月3日），苏联宇航科学家，曾經擔任组长、主任、通讯院士。早年研制滑翔机，於1930年代开始转入火箭研究，於1950年代成为苏联太空计划的主要参与者之一。 (zh)
- Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900 – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet engineer who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry. Mikhail Tikhonravov was born in Vladimir, Russia. He attended the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy from 1922 to 1925, where he was exposed to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ideas of spaceflight. After graduation and until 1931 worked in several aircraft industries and was engaged in developing gliders. From 1931 and on, devoted himself to the development of the field of rocketry. In 1932, he joined Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD), as one of the four brigade leaders. His brigade built the GIRD-09 rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline, and launched on August 17, 1933. (en)
- Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (29 de julho de 1900, Vladimir - 3 de março de 1974) foi um projetista Soviético,pioneiro no projeto de espaçonaves e foguetes. Ele serviu na Academia da Força Aérea de Zhukovsky de 1922 a 1925, onde construiu planadores e teve contato comas idéias de viagens espaciais de Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Em 1932, ele se associou ao GIRD, como um de seus quatrolíderes de brigada. A sua brigada, foi a que construiu o foguete GIRD-09, alimentado por Oxigênio líquido e gasolina gelatinosa, lançado em 17 de agosto de 1933. (pt)
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