John Fleming FRS FRSE FLS (1747–17 May 1829) was a British surgeon of the Indian Medical Service, naturalist, and politician. While in India he served as an interim superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta before William Roxburgh took charge. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gatton 1818–1820, Saltash 1820–1826. Fleming was an amateur botanist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Linnean Society.