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- La invasió iraquiana de l'Iran fou el conjunt d'operacions militars de l'inici de la guerra Iran-Iraq. Es va llançar el 22 de setembre de 1980 i va durar fins al 7 de desembre del mateix any. La invasió es va aturar davant la resistència iraniana, però l'Iraq va aconseguir capturar més de 15.000 km² del territori iranià. Aquesta invasió va dur a vuit anys de guerra entre els dos països. (ca)
- بدأ الغزو العراقي لإيران في 22 أيلول سبتمبر واستمر حتى 7 كانون الأول ديسمبر 1980. وأخيرا، أدت المقاومة الإيرانية إلى تعطيل غزو العراق. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، يمكن للعراق أن يستولى على أكثر من 15000 كيلومتر مربع من الأراضي الإيرانية. وقد اتخذ العراق موقفا دفاعيا منذ ذلك الحين. وقد أدى هذا الغزو إلى حرب استمرت ثماني سنوات بين إيران والعراق. في 17 سبتمبر أعلن صدام حسين أن العراق ألغى اتفاقية الجزائر لعام 1975 وأعلن أنه سيمارس سيادته الكاملة على شط العرب لإعادة الوضع القانوني له إلى ما قبل عام 1975. وفي 22 سبتمبر، قصفت الطائرات العراقية عشرة مطارات في إيران لتدمير سلاح الجو الإيراني على الأرض. وفي حين أن هذا الهجوم فشل، فقد عبرت القوات العراقية في اليوم التالي الحدود بقوة وتقدمت إلى إيران في ثلاث رشقات متزامنة على جبهة نحو 400 ميل (644 كم). ومن بين الفرق العراقية الستة التي كانت تغزوها بريا، تم إرسال أربعة إلى خوزستان، التي تقع بالقرب من الطرف الجنوبي للحدود، لقطع شط العرب من بقية إيران، وإنشاء منطقة أمنية إقليمية. وكان الغرض من الغزو، وفقا لصدام، هو أن يحد إلى حد كبير من حركة الخميني، وإحباط محاولاته لتصدير ثورته الإسلامية إلى العراق ودول الخليج العربي. صدام كان يأمل أنه بضم خوزستان، فإنه سيرسل مثل هذه الضربة لهيبة إيران التي قد تؤدي إلى سقوط الحكومة الجديدة، أو على أقل تقدير، إنهاء دعوات إيران للإطاحة به. أراد أيضا أن يوضح مكانته في العالم العربي وبين الدول العربية. توقع صدام أن يثور العرب المحليون في خوزستان ضد الحكومة الإسلامية. ومع ذلك، لم تتحقق هذه الأهداف، والعرب الإيرانيين المحليين حاربوا جنبا إلى جنب مع القوات الإيرانية. (ar)
- The Iraqi invasion of Iran refers to the Iraqi military campaign against neighbouring Iran in 1980, when the Iraqi Armed Forces crossed the international border and invaded the country, sparking the protracted Iran–Iraq War. The initial invasion was launched on 22 September 1980 and lasted until 7 December of that same year. Contrary to Iraqi expectations of a disorganized and poor response from Iran in light of the turmoil caused by the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the invasion stalled severely in the face of fierce Iranian resistance, but not before Iraq had captured more than 15,000 km2 of Iranian territory. On 10 September 1980, Iraq, hoping to take advantage of a weakened Iran following the Islamic Revolution one year prior, forcibly reclaimed territories in Zain al-Qaws and Saïf Saad that it had been promised under the terms of the 1975 Algiers Agreement but which had never been handed over by Iran, leading to both Iran and Iraq declaring the treaty null and void, on 14 September and 17 September, respectively. As a result, the only outstanding border dispute between Iran and Iraq at the time of the Iraqi invasion on 22 September 1980 was the question of whether Iranian ships would fly Iraqi flags and pay navigation fees to Iraq to sail through a stretch of the Shatt al-Arab river spanning several miles. On 22 September, Iraqi aircraft pre-emptively bombarded ten airfields within Iran to cripple the Iranian Air Force on the ground. Although this attack failed, Iraqi forces crossed the border in strength and advanced into Iran in three simultaneous thrusts along a front of some 644 km (400 mi) the next day. Of Iraq's six divisions that were invading by land, four were sent to oil-rich Khuzestan, which was located near the border's southern end, in order to cut off the Shatt al-Arab from the rest of Iran and establish a territorial security zone. The invasion's purpose, per Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, was to blunt the edge of Iranian Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini's movement and thwart his attempts to export Iran's Islamic Revolution to Saddam's secular Iraq and the Persian Gulf states. Saddam's plan was to take control of the entire Shatt al-Arab waterway in a rapid and decisive campaign, by which he hoped would send such a blow to Iran's prestige that it would lead to the new government's downfall, or, at the very least, end Iran's calls for the Ba'athists' overthrow. He also wanted to consolidate his standing in the Arab world. He also aspired to sever the oil-rich Khuzestan Province from Iran, seeing the war as an opportunity to do so. Saddam expected the local Arabs of Khuzestan—amongst whom a pan-Arab separatist insurgency against Iran was already running—to rise against the Iranian government. However, these objectives failed to materialize, and the majority of local Iranian Arabs were indifferent to the Iraqi forces. (en)
- A invasão iraquiana do Irã refere-se à campanha militar iraquiana contra o vizinho Irã em 1980, quando as Forças Armadas Iraquianas cruzaram a fronteira internacional e invadiram o país, provocando a prolongada Guerra Irã-Iraque. A invasão inicial foi lançada em 22 de setembro de 1980 e durou até 7 de dezembro do mesmo ano. Ao contrário das expectativas iraquianas de uma resposta desorganizada e deficiente do Irã considerando a turbulência causada pela Revolução Islâmica de 1979, a invasão estagnou severamente diante da feroz resistência iraniana, mas não antes do Iraque ter capturado mais de 15.000 km2 de território iraniano. Em 10 de setembro de 1980, o Iraque, esperando tirar vantagem de um Irã enfraquecido após a Revolução Islâmica um ano antes, retomou à força territórios em Zain al-Qaws e Saïf Saad que haviam sido prometidos nos termos do Acordo de Argel de 1975, mas que nunca foram entregues pelo Irã, levando tanto o Irã quanto o Iraque a declararem o tratado nulo e sem efeito, em 14 de setembro e 17 de setembro, respectivamente. Como resultado, a única disputa de fronteira pendente entre o Irã e o Iraque na época da invasão iraquiana em 22 de setembro de 1980 era a questão de saber se os navios iranianos arvorariam bandeiras iraquianas e pagariam taxas de navegação ao Iraque para navegar por um trecho do Rio Shatt al-Arab abrangendo vários quilômetros. Em 22 de setembro, aeronaves iraquianas bombardearam preventivamente dez aeródromos dentro do Irã para paralisar a Força Aérea Iraniana no solo. Embora este ataque tenha falhado, as forças iraquianas cruzaram a fronteira com intensidade e avançaram para o Irã em três investidas simultâneas ao longo de uma frente de cerca de 644 km (400 milhas) no dia seguinte. Das seis divisões do Iraque que estavam invadindo por terra, quatro foram enviadas para o Khuzistão, rico em petróleo, localizado perto do extremo sul da fronteira, a fim de isolar o Shatt al-Arab do resto do Irã e estabelecer uma zona de segurança territorial. O propósito da invasão, segundo o presidente iraquiano Saddam Hussein, era enfraquecer o movimento do líder supremo iraniano Ruhollah Khomeini e frustrar suas tentativas de exportar a revolução islâmica iraniana para o Iraque secular de Saddam e para os estados do Golfo Pérsico. O plano de Saddam era assumir o controle de toda a hidrovia Shatt al-Arab em uma campanha rápida e decisiva, pela qual ele esperava causar um golpe tão grande no prestígio do Irã que levaria à queda do novo governo, ou, no mínimo, acabar com os clamores iranianos para a derrubada dos ba'athistas. Também pretendia consolidar sua posição no mundo árabe. Igualmente aspirava separar a província do Khuzistão, rica em petróleo, do Irã, vendo a guerra como uma oportunidade para fazê-lo. Saddam esperava que os árabes locais do Khuzistão – entre os quais uma insurgência separatista pan-árabe contra o Irã já estava acontecendo – se rebelassem contra o governo iraniano. No entanto, esses objetivos não se materializaram e a maioria dos árabes iranianos locais foram indiferentes às forças iraquianas. (pt)
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| dbo:strength
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- 1,000 armoured vehicles,
- 1,400 artillery pieces,
- 1,700–2,100 tanks, (500 operable)
- 110,000–150,000 soldiers,
- 2,800 tanks,
- 200,000 soldiers,
- 300 operable artillery pieces,
- 350 helicopters
- 380 fighter-bombers,
- 4,000 APCs,
- 485 fighter-bombers (205 fully operational),
- 750 helicopters
- At the onset of the war:
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| rdfs:comment
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- La invasió iraquiana de l'Iran fou el conjunt d'operacions militars de l'inici de la guerra Iran-Iraq. Es va llançar el 22 de setembre de 1980 i va durar fins al 7 de desembre del mateix any. La invasió es va aturar davant la resistència iraniana, però l'Iraq va aconseguir capturar més de 15.000 km² del territori iranià. Aquesta invasió va dur a vuit anys de guerra entre els dos països. (ca)
- بدأ الغزو العراقي لإيران في 22 أيلول سبتمبر واستمر حتى 7 كانون الأول ديسمبر 1980. وأخيرا، أدت المقاومة الإيرانية إلى تعطيل غزو العراق. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، يمكن للعراق أن يستولى على أكثر من 15000 كيلومتر مربع من الأراضي الإيرانية. وقد اتخذ العراق موقفا دفاعيا منذ ذلك الحين. وقد أدى هذا الغزو إلى حرب استمرت ثماني سنوات بين إيران والعراق. (ar)
- The Iraqi invasion of Iran refers to the Iraqi military campaign against neighbouring Iran in 1980, when the Iraqi Armed Forces crossed the international border and invaded the country, sparking the protracted Iran–Iraq War. The initial invasion was launched on 22 September 1980 and lasted until 7 December of that same year. Contrary to Iraqi expectations of a disorganized and poor response from Iran in light of the turmoil caused by the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the invasion stalled severely in the face of fierce Iranian resistance, but not before Iraq had captured more than 15,000 km2 of Iranian territory. (en)
- A invasão iraquiana do Irã refere-se à campanha militar iraquiana contra o vizinho Irã em 1980, quando as Forças Armadas Iraquianas cruzaram a fronteira internacional e invadiram o país, provocando a prolongada Guerra Irã-Iraque. A invasão inicial foi lançada em 22 de setembro de 1980 e durou até 7 de dezembro do mesmo ano. Ao contrário das expectativas iraquianas de uma resposta desorganizada e deficiente do Irã considerando a turbulência causada pela Revolução Islâmica de 1979, a invasão estagnou severamente diante da feroz resistência iraniana, mas não antes do Iraque ter capturado mais de 15.000 km2 de território iraniano. (pt)
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_in_trench_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg){kind=link}
_in_trench_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg){kind=link}