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- The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) was a proposed liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage from 2005 to 2020 for use on a number of different launch vehicles produced by Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and after a late-2006 merger, United Launch Alliance (ULA). During the last five years of the program, ACES was proposed for eventual use on the Vulcan space launch vehicle designed by the U.S. company United Launch Alliance. The ACES concept had the objective to improve the on-orbit lifespan of current upper stages. In 2015, ULA announced conceptual plans to transition the Vulcan rocket to the ACES second stage, also referred to as Centaur Heavy, after 2024. Vulcan will initially launch with the Centaur V upper stage. Both Boeing and Lockheed Martin had separate but similar ACES concepts prior to the formation of the jointly-owned (50% Boeing/50% Lockheed Martin) ULA in late 2006. In the event, the long-duration upper stage concept was never able to obtain top-line attention from any of the companies as it never won full development funding from the US government, the primary source of funding for the Delta, Atlas and Vulcan rockets. However, some aspects of changes planned for ACES, such as the larger tank-diameter, were eventually used in the Centaur V upper stage. (en)
- La Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)—anteriormente la Advanced Common Evolved Stage— es una etapa superior de cohete propuesta para la lanzadera espacial Vulcan que usaría oxígeno líquido/hidrógeno líquido. El concepto es de la empresa americana United Launch Alliance (ULA). Se pretende que ACES impulse el satélite hacia una órbita geosíncrona o, en el caso de sondas interplanetarias, hasta o cerca de la velocidad de escape. Otros usos alternativos incluyen una propuesta para proveer depósitos de carburante en el espacio en LEO o en el Punto L2 de Lagrange que podrían ser usados como estaciones en el camino para que otros cohetes puedan detenerse y reabastecerse de camino hacia misiones más allá de la órbita baja terrestre o interplanetarias, y para abastecer la capacidad de alta energía técnica para la limpieza de basura espacial. En el año 2015 ULA anunció planes del concepto de transición del cohete Vulcan para que usase la segunda etapa ACES a partir aproximadamente del 2023. El Vulcan será lanzado inicialmente con un Centauro como etapa superior, desde su primer vuelo, que tendrá lugar no antes del 2019. (es)
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- The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) was a proposed liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage from 2005 to 2020 for use on a number of different launch vehicles produced by Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and after a late-2006 merger, United Launch Alliance (ULA). During the last five years of the program, ACES was proposed for eventual use on the Vulcan space launch vehicle designed by the U.S. company United Launch Alliance. The ACES concept had the objective to improve the on-orbit lifespan of current upper stages. (en)
- La Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)—anteriormente la Advanced Common Evolved Stage— es una etapa superior de cohete propuesta para la lanzadera espacial Vulcan que usaría oxígeno líquido/hidrógeno líquido. En el año 2015 ULA anunció planes del concepto de transición del cohete Vulcan para que usase la segunda etapa ACES a partir aproximadamente del 2023. El Vulcan será lanzado inicialmente con un Centauro como etapa superior, desde su primer vuelo, que tendrá lugar no antes del 2019. (es)
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- Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (en)
- Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (es)
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