| dbo:abstract
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- This article covers the development of the industry in the Empire of Japan, during the rise of statism in the first part of the Shōwa era. In its first 70 years, following the Meiji Restoration, factory production in Japan was all but non-existent, but by the first years of the Shōwa era, Japan was at a level comparable to many industrialized European countries. Industry in Japan grew both qualitatively and quantitatively. In 1920, the textile industry was the most important and Japan was known mainly as a manufacturer of wool and silk products, fabrics, fans, toys and similar goods. By 1939, however, industrial production in the areas of metallurgy and chemical products had grown by more than 100%. Industrial output grew significantly during the period 1929-1942, while the total value of heavy industry in Japan, valued at approximately US$700 million in 1931, had risen to US$3.7 billion by 1940. Taking the effects of inflation into consideration, this growth indicates a rise in profits of 400% in heavy industry between 1937 and 1940. At the same time as the extraordinary growth of heavy industry, and a 26% decline in consumption articles during the period 1937-1940, the textile industry maintained its principal place as the primary occupation for Japanese workers. At its relative height during this period, textile production employed approximately one million workers, or roughly 1/3 of the industrial workforce. The rapid growth of pre-war and wartime Japanese industry is reminiscent of the Industrial Revolution in 18th century England. The growth of profits during both periods was astonishing, in terms of both percentages and totals. These developments would never have arisen, however, without an abundantsource of low priced and docile manpower and convenient access to raw materials, the latter—though vital—were (and still are) exceedingly rare in Japan. Access to both were important factors in Japan's rapid industrial development. The average Japanese industrial worker worked long hours for a low salary. Before 1940, more than 90% of workers received less than US$7 per week. In later years, average pay rose by 50%, but the cost of living—the articles and services for which one needs salary—rose as well. In peacetime, the Japanese work week averaged 56 hours, compared with 35 hours in the United States and 39 hours in France. Furthermore, the war effort exposed a marked scarcity of specialized workers. One final important element of Japanese industry was small-scale, subsistence industry. Prior to 1941, most of the middle class was employed in handcrafts in cottage industries and small workshops, which normally employed fewer than five workers. Women often worked in this type of industry, and large-scale industry often obtained materials from the small-scale outfits, particularly rayon and cotton. (en)
- Dalam 70 tahun pertama, setelah Restorasi Meiji, produksi pabrik di Jepang sama sekali tidak ada, tetapi pada tahun-tahun pertama era Shōwa, Jepang berada pada tingkat yang sebanding dengan banyak negara industri Eropa. Industri di Jepang tumbuh baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Pada tahun 1920, industri tekstil adalah yang paling penting dan Jepang dikenal terutama sebagai produsen produk wol dan sutra, kain, , mainan dan barang-barang serupa. Namun pada tahun 1939, produksi industri di bidang metalurgi dan produk kimia telah tumbuh lebih dari 100%. Output industri tumbuh secara signifikan selama periode 1929-1942, sementara nilai total industri berat di Jepang, bernilai sekitar US $700 juta pada tahun 1931, telah meningkat menjadi US $3,7 miliar pada tahun 1940. Mempertimbangkan dampak inflasi, pertumbuhan ini mengindikasikan kenaikan laba sebesar 400% di industri berat antara 1937 dan 1940. Pada saat yang sama dengan pertumbuhan luar biasa dari industri berat, dan penurunan 26% dalam konsumsi selama periode 1937-1940, industri tekstil mempertahankan tempat utamanya sebagai pekerjaan utama bagi pekerja Jepang. Pada ketinggian relatifnya selama periode ini, produksi tekstil mempekerjakan sekitar satu juta pekerja, atau sekitar 1/3 dari tenaga kerja industri. Rata-rata pekerja industri Jepang bekerja berjam-jam dengan gaji rendah. Sebelum 1940, lebih dari 90% pekerja menerima kurang dari US $7 per minggu. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, upah rata-rata naik 50%, tetapi biaya hidup meningkat. Di masa damai, minggu kerja Jepang rata-rata 56 jam, dibandingkan dengan 35 jam di Amerika Serikat dan 39 jam di Prancis. Lebih jauh, upaya perang itu memperlihatkan kelangkaan pekerja khusus. Salah satu elemen penting terakhir dari industri Jepang adalah industri subsisten skala kecil. Sebelum 1941, sebagian besar kelas menengah dipekerjakan dalam kerajinan tangan di dan bengkel-bengkel kecil, yang biasanya mempekerjakan kurang dari lima pekerja. Wanita sering bekerja di industri jenis ini, dan industri skala besar sering mendapatkan bahan dari pakaian skala kecil, terutama rayon dan kapas. (in)
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| rdfs:comment
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- This article covers the development of the industry in the Empire of Japan, during the rise of statism in the first part of the Shōwa era. In its first 70 years, following the Meiji Restoration, factory production in Japan was all but non-existent, but by the first years of the Shōwa era, Japan was at a level comparable to many industrialized European countries. Industry in Japan grew both qualitatively and quantitatively. In 1920, the textile industry was the most important and Japan was known mainly as a manufacturer of wool and silk products, fabrics, fans, toys and similar goods. By 1939, however, industrial production in the areas of metallurgy and chemical products had grown by more than 100%. (en)
- Dalam 70 tahun pertama, setelah Restorasi Meiji, produksi pabrik di Jepang sama sekali tidak ada, tetapi pada tahun-tahun pertama era Shōwa, Jepang berada pada tingkat yang sebanding dengan banyak negara industri Eropa. Industri di Jepang tumbuh baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Pada tahun 1920, industri tekstil adalah yang paling penting dan Jepang dikenal terutama sebagai produsen produk wol dan sutra, kain, , mainan dan barang-barang serupa. Namun pada tahun 1939, produksi industri di bidang metalurgi dan produk kimia telah tumbuh lebih dari 100%. Output industri tumbuh secara signifikan selama periode 1929-1942, sementara nilai total industri berat di Jepang, bernilai sekitar US $700 juta pada tahun 1931, telah meningkat menjadi US $3,7 miliar pada tahun 1940. (in)
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