| dbo:abstract
|
- يعودُ تاريخ التّدخين إلى سنة 5000 قبل الميلاد؛ حيثُ كان موجوداً في مُختلف الثّقافات في العالم، وقد ارتبطت الاحتفالات والمَباهج الدينية قديماً بالتّدخين؛ حيثُ كان يُرافق تقديم القرابين للآلهة القديمة، كما كان مُلازماً لطقوس التّطهير. عندما غزت أوروبا استكشافيّاً القارتين الأمريكيتين ساهم ذلك في انتشار التّبغ إلى كلّ أجزاء العالم بشكلٍ سريع، وفي أوروبا ساهم التّدخين في تقديم نشاطاتٍ اجتماعيّة جديدة للسُكّان وصورةً من صور تعاطي المخدّرات بشكلٍ لم يُعرف سابقاً، أمّا في الدوّل العربية ففي فلسطين قد عُرف التبغ لأوّل مرّةٍ عام 1603م في زمن السلطان أحمد الأول، وبعد ذلك تمّ مَنع وحَظر التدخين على سكّان القدس عام 1633م في زمن السّلطان مراد الرابع.
* بوابة علم النبات
* بوابة طب (ar)
- The history of smoking dates back to as early as 5000 BC in the Americas in shamanistic rituals. With the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century, the consumption, cultivation, and trading of tobacco quickly spread. The modernization of farming equipment and manufacturing increased the availability of cigarettes following the reconstruction era in the United States. Mass production quickly expanded the scope of consumption, which grew until the scientific controversies of the 1960s, and condemnation in the 1980s. Cannabis was common in Eurasia before the arrival of tobacco, and is known to have been used since at least 5000 BC. Cannabis was not commonly smoked directly until the advent of tobacco in the 16th century. Before this cannabis and numerous other plants were vaporized on hot rocks or charcoal, burned as incense or in vessels and censers and inhaled indirectly. Evidence of direct smoking before the 16th century is contentious, with pipes thought to have been used to smoke cannabis dated to the 10th to 12th centuries found in Southeastern Africa. Previously eaten for its medicinal properties, opium smoking became widespread in China and the West during the 19th century. These led to the establishment of opium dens. In the latter half of the century, opium smoking became popular in the artistic communities of Europe. While opium dens continued to exist throughout the world, the trend among the Europeans abated during the First World War, and among the Chinese during the cultural revolution. More widespread cigarette usage as well as increased life expectancy during the 1920s made adverse health effects more noticeable. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published formal statistical evidence of a cancer–tobacco link. The subject remained largely taboo until 1954 with the British Doctors Study, and in 1964 United States Surgeon General's report. Tobacco became stigmatized, which led to the largest civil settlement in United States history, the Tobacco Master Settlement (MSA), in 1998. (en)
|
