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Fungal ribotoxins are a group of extracellular ribonucleases (RNases) secreted by fungi. Their most notable characteristic is their extraordinary specificity. They inactivate ribosomes by cutting a single phosphodiester bond of the rRNA that is found in a universally conserved sequence. This cleavage leads to cell death by apoptosis. However, since they are extracellular proteins, they must first enter the cells that constitute their target to exert their cytotoxic action. This entry constitutes the rate-determining step of their action.

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  • Fungal ribotoxins are a group of extracellular ribonucleases (RNases) secreted by fungi. Their most notable characteristic is their extraordinary specificity. They inactivate ribosomes by cutting a single phosphodiester bond of the rRNA that is found in a universally conserved sequence. This cleavage leads to cell death by apoptosis. However, since they are extracellular proteins, they must first enter the cells that constitute their target to exert their cytotoxic action. This entry constitutes the rate-determining step of their action. No protein receptor has been found. Thus, in order to penetrate the cells, they must take advantage of changes in permeability and the biophysical properties of the membranes, produced by phenomena such as tumour transformation or a viral infection. This is why α-sarcin, the most representative member of the group, was originally discovered as an antitumoural agent. However, it turned out not to be as safe as needed and the research in this field was temporarily abandoned. One of the determining factors in this process of entry into cells appears to be their ability to interact with phospholipids whose polar headgroup shows a net negative electrical charge. Today it is known that ribotoxins constitute a broad family, produced by many types of fungi, with common characteristics that make them optimal candidates to be used for biotechnological purposes, such as pest control, and for the development of anti-cancer drugs in the form of immunotoxins. (en)
  • Las ribotoxinas fúngicas son un grupo de ribonucleasas (RNasas) extracelulares secretadas por hongos.​​ Su característica más notable es su insólita especificidad. Inactivan de forma eficaz los ribosomas al cortar un único enlace fosfodiester del rRNA que se encuentra dentro de una secuencia conservada de forma universal.​​ Este corte conduce a la muerte celular por apoptosis.​ Sin embargo, y dado que son proteínas extracelulares, primero deben entrar en las células que constituyen su diana para ejercer su acción citotóxica. Esta entrada constituye el paso limitante de su acción. No se ha encontrado un receptor proteico, así que para penetrar en las células deben aprovechar cambios de permeabilidad y de las propiedades biofísicas de las membranas, producidos por fenómenos como la transformación tumoral, o una infección viral. Esto explica por qué la α-sarcina, el miembro más representativo del grupo, fue descubierto originalmente como un agente antitumoral.​ Desafortunadamente, resultó no ser tan seguro como era deseable y su investigación en este campo fue temporalmente abandonada. Uno de los factores determinantes en este proceso de entrada en las células parece ser su capacidad para interaccionar con fosfolípidos cuya cabeza polar muestre carga eléctrica negativa de forma neta.​ Hoy se sabe, que las ribotoxinas constituyen una amplia familia, producidas por muchos tipos de hongos, con unas características comunes que las convierten en candidatos óptimos para ser empleadas con fines biotecnológicos, como el control de plagas, y para el desarrollo de medicamentos contra el cáncer en forma de inmunotoxinas.​​​ (es)
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  • Fungal ribotoxins are a group of extracellular ribonucleases (RNases) secreted by fungi. Their most notable characteristic is their extraordinary specificity. They inactivate ribosomes by cutting a single phosphodiester bond of the rRNA that is found in a universally conserved sequence. This cleavage leads to cell death by apoptosis. However, since they are extracellular proteins, they must first enter the cells that constitute their target to exert their cytotoxic action. This entry constitutes the rate-determining step of their action. (en)
  • Las ribotoxinas fúngicas son un grupo de ribonucleasas (RNasas) extracelulares secretadas por hongos.​​ Su característica más notable es su insólita especificidad. Inactivan de forma eficaz los ribosomas al cortar un único enlace fosfodiester del rRNA que se encuentra dentro de una secuencia conservada de forma universal.​​ Este corte conduce a la muerte celular por apoptosis.​ Sin embargo, y dado que son proteínas extracelulares, primero deben entrar en las células que constituyen su diana para ejercer su acción citotóxica. Esta entrada constituye el paso limitante de su acción. No se ha encontrado un receptor proteico, así que para penetrar en las células deben aprovechar cambios de permeabilidad y de las propiedades biofísicas de las membranas, producidos por fenómenos como la transform (es)
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  • Ribotoxina fúngica (es)
  • Fungal ribotoxin (en)
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