| dbo:abstract
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- Calculus bovis, niu-huang (牛黃) or ox bezoars are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. In China and Japan it has been long used to treat various diseases, including high fever, convulsion and stroke. In Asian countries, calculus bovis are sometimes harvested when steers (Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin) are slaughtered. Their gall bladders are taken out, the bile is filtered, and the stones are cleaned and dried. The bezoars may also be surgically removed by veterinarians when working cattle become ill. In western countries, they are usually discarded. Its equivalent in Vedic culture is Gorochana. Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow. The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular, or irregular. Since natural calculus bovis are scarce, they can be very expensive. There are artificial calculus bovis or bovis calculus artifactus used as substitutes. In China, these are manufactured from cholic acid derived from bovine bile combined with dry bovine bile powder, porcine ursodeoxycholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, etc. Chinese regulations forbid the use of artificial calculus bovis in 42 drugs. Calculus bovis can cultivated (induced) in vivo by implanting a foreign object and microbials into bovine biles. It can also be cultivated (precipitated) in vitro from bovine bile by adding ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and calcium bilirubinate, producing calculus bovis sativus. Unlike artificial calculus bovis, either type of cultivated calculus bovis can fully replace calculus bovis under Chinese regulations. (en)
- 牛黄是指牛科动物家牛、黄牛或水牛的胆囊结石。牛黄（Calculus bovis），别名丑宝。本品为牛科动物牛（Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin）干燥的胆结石。宰牛时，如发现有牛黄，即滤去胆汁，将牛黄取出，除去外部薄膜，阴干。牛黄完整者多呈卵形，或不规则球形、三角棱椎形，少数呈管状或颗粒状。牛黄质轻，表面金黄至黄褐色，细腻而有光泽。断面金黄或棕黄色，有排列整齐，重重相叠的同心环状层纹。 (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
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- 牛黄是指牛科动物家牛、黄牛或水牛的胆囊结石。牛黄（Calculus bovis），别名丑宝。本品为牛科动物牛（Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin）干燥的胆结石。宰牛时，如发现有牛黄，即滤去胆汁，将牛黄取出，除去外部薄膜，阴干。牛黄完整者多呈卵形，或不规则球形、三角棱椎形，少数呈管状或颗粒状。牛黄质轻，表面金黄至黄褐色，细腻而有光泽。断面金黄或棕黄色，有排列整齐，重重相叠的同心环状层纹。 (zh)
- Calculus bovis, niu-huang (牛黃) or ox bezoars are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. In China and Japan it has been long used to treat various diseases, including high fever, convulsion and stroke. Calculus bovis have a color varying from golden yellow to brownish yellow. The shape of a stone is variable and depends on how it was formed, becoming spherical, oval, triangular, tubular, or irregular. (en)
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