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The Analytical Society was a group of individuals in early-19th-century Britain whose aim was to promote the use of Leibnizian notation for differentiation in calculus as opposed to the Newton notation for differentiation. The latter system came into being in the 18th century as a convention of Sir Isaac Newton, and was in use throughout Great Britain. According to a mathematical historian: The slow uptake of the continental methods in calculus led to the formation of the Analytical Society by Charles Babbage, John Herschel and George Peacock.

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  • The Analytical Society was a group of individuals in early-19th-century Britain whose aim was to promote the use of Leibnizian notation for differentiation in calculus as opposed to the Newton notation for differentiation. The latter system came into being in the 18th century as a convention of Sir Isaac Newton, and was in use throughout Great Britain. According to a mathematical historian: In 1800, English mathematics was trapped in the doldrums of fluxional notation and of an intuitive geometric-physical approach to mathematics designed to prepare the student for reading Newton's Principia...The study of any mathematics not pertinent to the traditional questions of Tripos was not only ignored, but actually discouraged. Cambridge was isolated, and its students remained ignorant of continental developments. The Society was first envisioned by Charles Babbage as a parody on the debate of whether Bible texts should be annotated, with Babbage having the notion that his textbook by Sylvestre Lacroix was without need for interpretation once translated. Its membership originally consisted of a group of Cambridge students led by Babbage and including Edward Bromhead. The Cambridge mathematician Robert Woodhouse had brought the Leibniz notation to England with his book Principles of Analytical Calculation in 1803. While Newton's notation was unsuitable for a function of several variables, Woodhouse showed, for instance, how to find the total differential of where φ is a function of p and q: The slow uptake of the continental methods in calculus led to the formation of the Analytical Society by Charles Babbage, John Herschel and George Peacock. Though the Society was disbanded by 1814 when most of the original members had graduated, its influence continued to be felt. The evidence of Analytical Society work appeared in 1816 when Peacock and Herschel completed the translation of Sylvestre Lacroix's textbook An Elementary Treatise on Differential and Integral Calculus that had been started by Babbage. In 1817 Peacock introduced Leibnizian symbols in that year's examinations in the local senate-house. Both the exam and the textbook met with little criticism until 1819, when both were criticised by D.M. Peacock, vicar of Sedbergh, 1796 to 1840. He wrote: The University should be more on its guard ... against the introduction of merely algebraic or analytical speculations into its public examinations. Nevertheless, the reforms were encouraged by younger members of Cambridge University. George Peacock successfully encouraged a colleague, Richard Gwatkin of St John's College at Cambridge University, to adopt the new notation in his exams. Use of Leibnizian notation began to spread after this. In 1820, the notation was used by William Whewell, a previously neutral but influential Cambridge University faculty member, in his examinations. In 1821, Peacock again used Leibnizian notation in his examinations, and the notation became well established. The Society followed its success by publishing two volumes of examples showing the new method. One was by George Peacock on differential and integral calculus; the other was by Herschel on the calculus of finite differences. They were joined in this by Whewell, who in 1819 published a book, An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics, which used the new notation and which became a standard textbook on the subject. John Ainz, a pupil of Peacock's, published a notable paper in 1826 which showed how to apply Leibnizian calculus on various physical problems. These activities did not go unnoticed at other universities in Great Britain, and soon they followed Cambridge's example. By 1830, Leibniz notation was widely adopted and used alongside the traditional denotation of differentiation by use of dots as Newton had done. (en)
  • L'Analytical Society (renommée en 1819 « Cambridge Philosophical Society ») est une société savante formée par un groupe de scientifiques britanniques qui, au début du XIXe siècle, se rassemblent pour promouvoir l'utilisation en Grande-Bretagne du calcul infinitésimal proposé par Leibniz en opposition avec la méthode des fluxions de Newton. La méthode de Newton est utilisée à cette époque en Grande-Bretagne, plus pour des raisons politiques que pratiques ; elle est moins flexible et utilisable que celle de Leibniz qui est utilisé par le reste de l'Europe. La société est fondée en 1812 un dimanche matin durant un déjeuner. Ses membres sont d'abord composés d'un groupe d'étudiants de Robert Woodhouse de Cambridge. Woodhouse publie dès 1803 des articles montrant les avantages de la méthode de Leibniz mais ils sont difficiles à comprendre et n'atteignent pas leur but. Les autres membres incluent Charles Babbage, sir John Herschel et George Peacock et la société attire rapidement de nouveaux membres, principalement des étudiants. La société n'entre pas en action avant 1816, lorsqu'un traité français de calcul infinitésimal est traduit et distribué. Il est suivi l'année suivante par l'introduction par Peacock des notations de Leibniz dans certains examens. Le traité et les notations qu'il introduit n'attirent que peu de critiques avant celle de D. M. Peacock en 1819. Toutefois la réforme est encouragée par des membres plus jeunes de l'université de Cambridge. George Peacock encourage avec succès son collègue Richard Gwatkin du St John's College à adopter la nouvelle notation. L'utilisation de cette notation s'étend après 1820, William Whewell un influent protagoniste de Cambridge l'utilise et, à partir de 1821, son usage est bien établi. Forte de son succès, la société publie deux volumes d'exemples illustrant la nouvelle méthode. L'un est écrit par George Peacock et porte sur le calcul différentiel et intégral et l'autre, par Herschel, sur le calcul des différences finies. Ils sont rejoints par Whewell qui publie en 1819 ce qui deviendra une référence sur les sujets : An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics en utilisant les notations de Leibniz. Sir John Ainz, un élève de George Peacock, publie un article remarqué en 1826 montrant comment appliquer la nouvelle méthode à des problèmes physiques divers. Ces activités ne passent pas inaperçues dans les autres universités britanniques, qui ne tarderont pas à suivre l'exemple de Cambridge. Vers 1830 cette notation est plus utilisée que celle de Newton et révèle rapidement ses applications pratiques, par exemple dans l'expression des équations de Maxwell. En 1832 la société qui a été renommée en 1819 « Cambridge Philosophical Society » est incorporée officiellement à l'université. Elle existe encore sous ce nom de nos jours. (fr)
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  • The Analytical Society was a group of individuals in early-19th-century Britain whose aim was to promote the use of Leibnizian notation for differentiation in calculus as opposed to the Newton notation for differentiation. The latter system came into being in the 18th century as a convention of Sir Isaac Newton, and was in use throughout Great Britain. According to a mathematical historian: The slow uptake of the continental methods in calculus led to the formation of the Analytical Society by Charles Babbage, John Herschel and George Peacock. (en)
  • L'Analytical Society (renommée en 1819 « Cambridge Philosophical Society ») est une société savante formée par un groupe de scientifiques britanniques qui, au début du XIXe siècle, se rassemblent pour promouvoir l'utilisation en Grande-Bretagne du calcul infinitésimal proposé par Leibniz en opposition avec la méthode des fluxions de Newton. La méthode de Newton est utilisée à cette époque en Grande-Bretagne, plus pour des raisons politiques que pratiques ; elle est moins flexible et utilisable que celle de Leibniz qui est utilisé par le reste de l'Europe. (fr)
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  • Analytical Society (en)
  • Analytical Society (fr)
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