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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Mina'i_ware
rdfs:label
Céramique de type Mina’i Ceramica mina'i Mina'i ware
rdfs:comment
La céramique de type Mina’i (aussi transcript minai où minaï) est originaire de Kachan en Iran, développée à l'époque des Grands Seldjoukides, au XIIe siècle et XIIIe siècle siècles. Il s’agit d’une céramique à base de fritte (pâte de pierre) sur lequel est appliqué une glaçure (émail) peinte en couleur polychromes. Mina’i est le terme persan moderne pour haft rang (sept couleurs) avec Mina faisant référence aux pigments et émaux fabriqués à partir de fritte colorée. Mina'i ware is a type of Persian pottery developed in Kashan, Iran, in the decades leading up to the Mongol invasion of Persia in 1219, after which production ceased. It has been described as "probably the most luxurious of all types of ceramic ware produced in the eastern Islamic lands during the medieval period". The ceramic body of white-ish fritware or stonepaste is fully decorated with detailed paintings using several colours, usually including figures. La ceramica mina'i è un tipo di ceramica persiana sviluppata a Kashan, in Iran, nei decenni precedenti l'invasione mongola della Persia nel 1219, dopo la quale la produzione cessò. È stata descritta come "probabilmente il più lussuoso di tutti i tipi di ceramiche prodotte nelle terre islamiche orientali durante il periodo medievale". Il corpo di ceramica vitrea o pasta di pietra biancastra era completamente decorato, con dipinti dettagliati che utilizzavano diversi colori, di solito comprese le figure umane.
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dbc:13th_century_in_Iran dbc:12th_century_in_Iran dbc:Iranian_pottery dbc:Kashan
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dbp:first
Richard Piran
dbp:last
McClary
dbp:title
Mīnāʾī ware
dbp:url
n19:minai-ware-COM_36442
dbp:year
2021
dbo:abstract
Mina'i ware is a type of Persian pottery developed in Kashan, Iran, in the decades leading up to the Mongol invasion of Persia in 1219, after which production ceased. It has been described as "probably the most luxurious of all types of ceramic ware produced in the eastern Islamic lands during the medieval period". The ceramic body of white-ish fritware or stonepaste is fully decorated with detailed paintings using several colours, usually including figures. It is significant as the first pottery to use overglaze enamels, painted over the ceramic glaze fixed by a main glost firing; after painting the wares were given a second firing at a lower temperature. "Mina'i" (Persian: مینایی), a term only used for these wares much later, means "enamelled" in the Persian language. The technique is also known as haft-rang, "seven colours" in Persian. This was the term used by the near-contemporary writer Abu al-Qasim Kasani, who had a pottery background. This technique much later became the standard method of decorating the best European and Chinese porcelain, though it is not clear that there was a connection between this and the earlier Persian use of the technique. As in other periods and regions when overglaze enamels were used, the purpose of the technique was to expand the range of colours available to painters beyond the very limited group that could withstand the temperature required for the main firing of the body and glaze, which in the case of these wares was about 950 °C. The period also introduced underglaze decoration to Persian pottery, around 1200, and later mina'i pieces often combine both underglaze and overglaze decoration; the former may also be described as inglaze. Most pieces are dated imprecisely as, for example, "late 12th or early 13th century", but the few inscribed dates begin in the 1170s and end in 1219. Gilded pieces are often dated to around or after 1200. It is assumed that the style and subjects in the painting of mina'i ware were drawn from contemporary Persian manuscript painting and wall painting. It is known these existed, but no illustrated manuscripts or murals from the period before the Mongol conquest have survived, leaving the painting on the pottery as the best evidence of that style. Most pieces are bowls, cups, and a range of pouring vessels: ewers, jars, and jugs, only a handful very large. There are some pieces considered to be begging bowls, or using the shape associated with that function. Tiles are rare, and were perhaps designed as centrepieces surrounded by other materials, rather than placed in groups. Mina'i tiles found in situ by archaeologists at Konya in modern Turkey were probably made there by itinerant Persian artists. Sherds of mina'i ware have been excavated from "most urban sites in Iran and Central Asia" occupied during the period, although most writers believe that nearly all production was in Kashan. La céramique de type Mina’i (aussi transcript minai où minaï) est originaire de Kachan en Iran, développée à l'époque des Grands Seldjoukides, au XIIe siècle et XIIIe siècle siècles. Il s’agit d’une céramique à base de fritte (pâte de pierre) sur lequel est appliqué une glaçure (émail) peinte en couleur polychromes. Mina’i est le terme persan moderne pour haft rang (sept couleurs) avec Mina faisant référence aux pigments et émaux fabriqués à partir de fritte colorée. La ceramica mina'i è un tipo di ceramica persiana sviluppata a Kashan, in Iran, nei decenni precedenti l'invasione mongola della Persia nel 1219, dopo la quale la produzione cessò. È stata descritta come "probabilmente il più lussuoso di tutti i tipi di ceramiche prodotte nelle terre islamiche orientali durante il periodo medievale". Il corpo di ceramica vitrea o pasta di pietra biancastra era completamente decorato, con dipinti dettagliati che utilizzavano diversi colori, di solito comprese le figure umane. È significativa come la prima ceramica ad utilizzare smalti sopra smalto, dipinti sopra lo smalto ceramico fissato da una cottura a glost principale; dopo la verniciatura l'oggetto veniva sottoposto ad una seconda cottura a temperatura più bassa. "Mina'i "(in persiano مینایی‎), è un termine usato per questi oggetti soltanto molto più tardi, e significa "smaltato" in lingua persiana. La tecnica è anche conosciuta come haft-rang, "sette colori" in persiano. Questo era il termine usato dallo scrittore quasi contemporaneo, Abu al-Qasim Kasani, che aveva una profonda conoscenza della ceramica. Questa tecnica divenne molto più tardi il metodo standard per decorare le migliori porcellane cinesi ed europee, anche se non è chiaro se ci sia stata una connessione tra queste e il precedente uso persiano della tecnica. Come in altri periodi e regioni in cui venne utilizzato smalto su smalto, lo scopo della tecnica era quello di ampliare la gamma di colori a disposizione dei pittori oltre il gruppo molto ristretto che poteva resistere alla temperatura richiesta per la cottura principale del corpo e dello smalto, che nel caso di questi oggetti era di circa 950 °C. Il periodo introdusse anche la decorazione sotto smalto nella ceramica persiana, intorno al 1200, e successivamente i pezzi mina'i spesso combinavano sia la decorazione sotto smalto che sopra smaltata. La maggior parte dei pezzi è datata in modo impreciso come, ad esempio, "fine XII o inizio XIII secolo", ma le poche date iscritte iniziano nel 1170 e terminano nel 1219. I pezzi dorati sono spesso datati intorno o dopo il 1200. Si presume che lo stile e i soggetti nella pittura mina'i siano stati tratti dalla pittura dei manoscritti e da quella murale persiana contemporanea. Si sa che esistevano, ma non sono sopravvissuti, manoscritti illustrati o murali del periodo precedente alla conquista mongola, lasciando il dipinto sulla ceramica come la migliore prova di quello stile. La maggior parte dei pezzi sono ciotole, tazze e una serie di recipienti per versare liquidi: brocche e giare, ma solo una piccola parte di queste ultime. Ci sono alcuni pezzi considerati ciotole per l'elemosina o che usano la forma associata a quella funzione. Le piastrelle sono rare e forse erano state progettate come centrotavola circondate da altri materiali, piuttosto che posizionate in gruppi. Le piastrelle mina'i trovate in situ dagli archeologi a Konya, nella moderna Turchia, furono probabilmente realizzate lì da artisti persiani itineranti. Frammenti di ceramica mina'i sono stati scavati dalla "maggior parte dei siti urbani dell'Iran e dell'Asia centrale", occupati durante il periodo, sebbene la maggior parte degli scrittori creda che quasi tutta la produzione fosse stata a Kashan.
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