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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Byrd_machine
rdfs:label
Организация Бёрда Byrd machine
rdfs:comment
The Byrd machine, or Byrd organization, was a political machine of the Democratic Party led by former Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966) that dominated Virginia politics for much of the 20th century. From the 1890s until the late 1960s, the Byrd organization effectively controlled the politics of the state through a network of courthouse cliques of local constitutional officers in most of the state's counties. «Организация Бёрда» (англ. Byrd Organization, другое название — «Машина Бёрда» — англ. Byrd Machine) — политическая машина, созданная и возглавляемая Бёрдами, династией издателей и политиков, которая доминировала в политике штата Виргиния на протяжении большей части XX века. С 1920-х годов до конца 1960-х годов «Организация Бёрда» эффективно контролировала политику штата через сеть судей и местных чиновников в большинстве округов штата.
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n17:Harry_F._Byrd.jpg?width=300
dbo:abstract
«Организация Бёрда» (англ. Byrd Organization, другое название — «Машина Бёрда» — англ. Byrd Machine) — политическая машина, созданная и возглавляемая Бёрдами, династией издателей и политиков, которая доминировала в политике штата Виргиния на протяжении большей части XX века. С 1920-х годов до конца 1960-х годов «Организация Бёрда» эффективно контролировала политику штата через сеть судей и местных чиновников в большинстве округов штата. «Организация Бёрда» имела наибольшую силу в сельской местности. Ей так и не удалось закрепиться в независимых городах Виргинии, которые не являлись частью округов, а также в формирующемся после Второй мировой войны виргинском пригородном среднем классе. Пика «Организация Бёрда» достигла в 1950-х годах, когда её лидер, экс-губернатор и сенатор США Гарри Бёрд-старший, развернул яростную борьбу против ликвидации расовой сегрегации, в частности, против государственных школ штата, включая «». В конце концов, борьба против десегрегации школ провалилась в 1960 году после того, как суды штата и федеральные суды признали её неконституционной. Несмотря на поражение Организация ещё почти десять лет сохраняла свой контроль над штатом. Когда сенатор из-за болезни подал в отставку в 1965 году, его заменил в Сенате сын, Гарри Бёрд-младший. Однако расцвет «Организации Бёрда» был явно в прошлом. С избранием в 1969 году , впервые в XX веке, 80 лет господства консервативных демократов над политикой Виргинии закончились. The Byrd machine, or Byrd organization, was a political machine of the Democratic Party led by former Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966) that dominated Virginia politics for much of the 20th century. From the 1890s until the late 1960s, the Byrd organization effectively controlled the politics of the state through a network of courthouse cliques of local constitutional officers in most of the state's counties. "The organization" had its greatest strength in rural areas. It was never able to gain a significant foothold in the growing urban areas of Virginia's many independent cities, which are not located within counties, nor with the emerging suburban middle-class of Virginians after World War II. Byrd's vehement opposition to racial integration of the state's public schools, including a policy of massive resistance, which ultimately failed in 1960 after it was ruled unconstitutional by both state and federal courts, could be described as the organization's "last stand", although the remnants of it continued to wield power for a few years longer. When the senator resigned in 1965, he was replaced in the Senate by his son Harry F. Byrd Jr. However, the heyday of the Byrd organization was clearly in the past. With the election of a Republican governor in 1969 for the first time in the 20th century, the 80 years of domination of Virginia politics by conservative Democrats ended.
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