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- The Yavana Era, or Yona (Prakrit: Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye) was a computational era used in the Indian subcontinent from the 2nd century BCE for several centuries thereafter, probably starting in 174 BCE. It was initially thought that the era started around 180-170 BCE, and corresponded to accession to the Greco-Bactrian throne of Eucratides, who solidified Hellenic presence in the Northern regions of India. The Greeks in India flourished under the reign of the illustrious, Menander - greatest of the Yavana rulers, who campaigned as far as Pataliputra, and South Asia. It is now equated with the formerly theorized "Old Śaka era". Harry Falk and others have suggested that the Yavana era actually started in 174 BCE, based on a reevaluation of the Azes era which is now thought to have started in 47/46 BCE. The exact historical event corresponding to the creation of this Yavana era is uncertain, but it may mark the alliance of Antimachos I and Apollodotus I in toppling Agathokles, thereby creating a unified realm north and south of the Hindu-Kush. The creation of specific eras is a well-known phenomenon marking great dynastical events, such as the Seleucid era (starting in 312 BCE, with the return of Seleucus to Babylon), the Arsacid Era in Parthia (starting in 248/247 BCE), the Azes era in Gandhara (starting in 47/46 BCE), and the Kanishka era, when he established his empire in 127 CE. It is now thought that the Kushan king Kanishka I created his own era precisely 300 years after the Yavana era, and probably in reference to it, so that year 1 of Kanishka (127 CE) would correspond exactly to year 301 of the Yavana era. Arguably, Kanishka wished to link his own rule to the rule of the Indo-Greeks, who for the first time had united the areas of Bactria and parts of ancient India. The Yavana era progressively fell into disuse after the creation of the Kanishka era, the Kanishka era being used exclusively in inscriptions on relic caskets from the 18th year of his reign, from 145 CE. On statues of the Buddha, an inscription using the Yavana era is known from Gandhara as late as 209 CE (year 384 of the Yavana era), with the "Hashtnagar Buddha". (en)
- 耶槃那紀年，又稱臾那紀年（普拉克里特語： Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye），是公元前2世纪印度-希臘人和後續文化影響者在印度次大陆使用的紀年方式，可能從公元前174年開始，持續使用數個世紀。 學術界目前對於古代北印度數個紀年方式之間的關係有待研究與釐清，被學術界慣稱的「老塞迦紀年」（Old Śaka era）可能等同於耶槃那紀年。起初學者猜想耶槃那紀年可能從公元前186年開始，但隨著新的文物出土，學者哈里·福尔克（Harry Falk）和一些其他的學者認為該紀年是從公元前174年準確開始，然而這新的時間點它沒有一個明確對應的歷史事件，可能當年發生安提瑪科斯一世和阿波羅多特斯一世聯合顛覆阿加索克利斯的統治，讓兴都库什山脉以北的巴克特里亞王國和山脈以南的印度-希臘王國名義上重新統一。 在貴霜帝國的建立後，耶槃那紀年逐漸不被使用。在公元145年，即迦膩色伽紀年18年開始，那年刻在宗教聖物上不再同時有迦膩色伽與耶槃那紀年並列的銘文，紀年方式僅剩迦膩色伽紀年。另外，在犍陀羅（Hashtnagar）的佛像上很可能使用耶槃那紀年，標示著384年，即公元209年。 (zh)
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- 318.0
- The Yavana era was thought to have started in 186–185 BCE, at the time of the expansion into India of Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, but now is more probably attributed to 174 BCE. (en)
- Statue and its piedestal inscribed: sam 1 1 1 100 20 20 20 20 4 Prothavadasa masasa divasammi pamcami 4 1 . (en)
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- (en)
- Hashtnagar Buddha (en)
- Yavana era (en)
- Loriya Tangai Buddha (en)
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- Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg (en)
- Year 318 inscription Loriyan Tangai.jpg (en)
- Demetrios_I_Baktria_Tetradrachm_200-185_BC.jpg (en)
- Hashtnagar Buddha and piedestal.jpg (en)
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- 耶槃那紀年，又稱臾那紀年（普拉克里特語： Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye），是公元前2世纪印度-希臘人和後續文化影響者在印度次大陆使用的紀年方式，可能從公元前174年開始，持續使用數個世紀。 學術界目前對於古代北印度數個紀年方式之間的關係有待研究與釐清，被學術界慣稱的「老塞迦紀年」（Old Śaka era）可能等同於耶槃那紀年。起初學者猜想耶槃那紀年可能從公元前186年開始，但隨著新的文物出土，學者哈里·福尔克（Harry Falk）和一些其他的學者認為該紀年是從公元前174年準確開始，然而這新的時間點它沒有一個明確對應的歷史事件，可能當年發生安提瑪科斯一世和阿波羅多特斯一世聯合顛覆阿加索克利斯的統治，讓兴都库什山脉以北的巴克特里亞王國和山脈以南的印度-希臘王國名義上重新統一。 在貴霜帝國的建立後，耶槃那紀年逐漸不被使用。在公元145年，即迦膩色伽紀年18年開始，那年刻在宗教聖物上不再同時有迦膩色伽與耶槃那紀年並列的銘文，紀年方式僅剩迦膩色伽紀年。另外，在犍陀羅（Hashtnagar）的佛像上很可能使用耶槃那紀年，標示著384年，即公元209年。 (zh)
- The Yavana Era, or Yona (Prakrit: Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye) was a computational era used in the Indian subcontinent from the 2nd century BCE for several centuries thereafter, probably starting in 174 BCE. It was initially thought that the era started around 180-170 BCE, and corresponded to accession to the Greco-Bactrian throne of Eucratides, who solidified Hellenic presence in the Northern regions of India. The Greeks in India flourished under the reign of the illustrious, Menander - greatest of the Yavana rulers, who campaigned as far as Pataliputra, and South Asia. It is now equated with the formerly theorized "Old Śaka era". (en)
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- Yavana era (en)
- 耶槃那紀年 (zh)
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